The Process of Phonation

The Process of PhonationGabrielle Glodich The evolution of human phonation is impression to take a crap contributed to the rise of our species at heart the food chain. The ability to produce threatening created more complex forms of communication, such as language. Language is thought to be the key component to enhance our survival skills by increased reasonableness of sympathy within our peer groups. To understand the foundational element in what possibly gave us an edge to survival, besides the acquisition and utilization of metacarpal 1, the carry by of phonation must be analyzed. Phonation is defined as a laryngeal motor behavior used for speech production, which involves a narrow down coordination of laryngeal and respiratory neuromuscular control. To analyze the process of phonation, the anatomic structures and physiology must be considered. (Loucks et al, 2007). The larynx, also colloquially known as the voice box, is the important passageway to the lungs for funct ional aspects such as respiration, deglutination, and phonation. Our larynx is known to be a unique human specialization for speech because it is not pose in non-human primates (Meshcheryakov, 2012). As seen in hear 1, the location of the anatomic structure is within the pharynx, behind the Adams apple and on top of the trachea. introduce 1. The location and anatomy of the larynx is shown above within the mid mesial view on the left hand side of the photograph. The laryngoscopic view of the larynx is shown on the right hand side. Retrieved from http//cvsurgicalgroup.com/general-ent/voice-swallowing-disorders/. secure 2017 by C/V ENT Surgical Group.Three unpaired and paired cartilages compose the larynx. These cartilages envelop the straight-from-the-shoulder cords responsible for the main production of cash in ones chips through vibrational movements. Vocal cords (folds) argon mucous membrane foldings that stretch horizontally across the middle laryngeal cavity. There atomic number 18 four layers to the folds along with a plainspoken ligament. The forthright ligament allows the folds to change shape when the deepest layer of the fold, which would be the muscle, contracts. The both types of free-spoken cords within our larynx are the vestibular folds (otherwise known as false strain cords) and the oral folds (true vocal folds). These two types abduct during inhalation and adduct during deglutination and phonation processes. Ventricular folds are termed as false because they are not involved in voice production. Referring to figure two, the identification of the two unlikeiated types within the image helps to obtain an understanding of location on the structures within the laryngeal cavity. (Vashishta, 2016) haoma 2. Figure (a) shows the shut positioning of the vocal folds and glottis within the larynx. Figure (b) shows the on the loose(p) positioning of the vocal folds and open glottis. The location of the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) are identified within the image, though they do not contribute to voice production. However, vocal folds do contribute to voice production, hence their termed name of true vocal cords. Retrieved from http//howardyoung.info/lsitvkey-vestibular-folds.html. procure 2013 by Pearson Education Inc.When closed, the vocal folds vibrate and modulate the forced expelled air flow from the lungs during expiration to produce speech and singing. Specific vibrational patterns and movements produce different fits through the positioning of the rima glottidis (glottis), the opening between the vocal cords. The length of the vocal cords result in differences in pitch and tone of the voice. Women and children often have shorter vocal cords, resulting in higher pitches and tones of voice. Men typically have longer vocal cords, resulting in lower pitches and tones of voice. Figure 3 shows the vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages partially adducted during phonation. The air is produced once it is forced through the small slit like appearance of the rima glottidis and vibrational movements begin from the vocal cord structures. The opening and closing positions of the vocal folds to produce onsets and offsets are voluntarily controlled from the nervous system, even though vocal fold vibration is mechanically induced by airflow during exhalation. Resting position results in more a neutral positioning of the vocal folds and rima glottidis, where traffic pattern respiration can occur. (Titze, 1994)Figure 3. The positioning of the vocal cords and rima glottidis is shown above during the common phases of respiration (normal and forced), phonation, and whispering. Retrieved from http//ueu.co/ovid-clinically-oriented-anatomy-8/. Copyright 2012 by Universities Education of Ukraine.Typically, the vocal folds within the larynx are open to allow air to pass freely in and out of the lungs during normal respiration. However, the signal to speak from the brain signals the muscles of the larynx to contract and close the vocal folds. Air during expiration is expelled from the lungs and the resistance overcomes the folds. The force initiates the folds to begin patterns of the vibrations. The rate in which the vocal folds open and close are different for the genders. The rate is another(prenominal) factor besides the length of the folds in which why the tones of the voices between genders are different. For women, the rate is typically between 100-120 times per second vs. in a man it would typically be 200-220 times per second. The patterns of vibrations of the vocal folds, in turn, produces sound waves from the voice box and projects them outwards towards another human. The sound waves from the larynx are amplified by traveling upwards through the anatomical structures of the throat, mouth, and nose. Depending on genetic science of the shape, size, and muscle tension, everyones structures are built differently and usually affect the resulting sound another peer will hear from the human producing the sound. Other factors that incline a role in the process of phonation would include the baby carriage of the person and the relaxation of the muscles within the pharynx. (Bailly et al, 2014).ReferencesBailly, L., Henrich Bernardoni, N., Mller, F., Rohlfs, A., Hess, M. (2014). Ventricular-Fold Dynamics in pitying Phonation. Journal Of Speech, Language Hearing Research, 57(4), 1219-1242. doi10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0418Loucks, T. M. J., Poletto, C. J., Simonyan, K., Reynolds, C. L., Ludlow, C. L. (2007). Human brain energizing during phonation and exhalation Common volitional control for two hurrying airway functions. NeuroImage, 36(1), 131-143. doi10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.049Meshcheryakov, R. V. (2012). Mathematical model of the human lungs during phonation. Russian physical science Journal, 55(3), 317-322. doi10.1007/s11182-012-9814-5Rishi Vashishta, R. (2016, November 03). Vocal Cord and Voice Box Anatomy. Retrieved March 06, 2017, from http//emedi cine.medscape.com/ word/1948995-overviewa2Titze IR. Principles of Voice Production. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall 1994.