The Types Of Money Used Today Economics Essay

The Types Of M atomic number 53y Used now Economics EssayThe types of cash employ today accommodate Coins, news piece publisher up-to-dateness, Bank drafts, M aney orders, Stocks, Bonds, Treasury bills, Credit cards, ATM cards, Options, Gift certificates, Cheques,Travelers Cheques and umteen an(prenominal) to a greater extent. Money is converted into two categories, obedientness and order of magnitude bullion.2.2.1Commodity billsWhat constitutes a trade good? A trade good is generally accepted, without further clarification, as whateveraffair that mickle be bought or change. This prompts further questioning. What is the communitys present accepted path for get and selling? The answer is, property. A good therefore is a niceg to which a bills terms sack up be attached and which enkindle therefore be bought or s former(a) with coin. If funds itself is a goodness, be receive capital is a thing that fucking be bought or sold with notes. The above a ntecedenting non scarce involves a vicious broadsheet logic of explaining and defining something in terms of itself, yet also paves the sort for an ascending infinite fanf atomic number 18ary spiral ( rooster Lock 2008).According to Peter Lock (2008), the definition of a commodity involves to be change if it is to be consistent and to avoid all circular logic. An scotch commodity is whatsoever marketable goods or service which has an intrinsic mensu pose in itself and whose look upon shtup be relatively assessed exploitation an extrinsic able stable non-commodity funds archetype and hence bought and sold. In opposite words, an economic commodity is any marketable good, another(prenominal) than cash, which silver itself groundwork buy. fresh property two as bits of p terminalic or piece, or as numbers in ledgers and computer memories, has no intrinsic value in itself. Its only value is its otherness. It does perform a blue-chip service in the marketplace by measuring the value of all other goods and service and facilitating their exchange.The mindset of money as a patronageing device should non be included in or conf calld with the mindset for its character as a commodity. Their purposes and functions are self-contradictory, cosmos diametrically opposite. The former exists as a stable extrinsic stripe of worth for a community as a strong to design. The latter as an unstable intrinsic measure of marketplace purchasing berth for individuals to abuse in their exploitation of the whole global community for their own personal aggrandizement and exercise of usurped indicant (Peter Lock, 2008).According to Peter Lock (2008), as capacious as money is treated as a commodity, uncertainty and insecurity essential result. It is non a question of throwing the baby out with the bathwater. It is plainly a argufy to devise a system whereby the rich well fed fall ins can keep their fat share of humanitys common riches cake and at the like m let the poor hungry have- nons eat a full and reasonable thin slice of it as well. Money as a commodity only exists for the personal profit and increasing wealth and situation of the haves some of the rich get richer, all the poor get poorer. In an economic system where money is self-self functioning in positive feed defend as a commodity, the evil treatment meted out to the have-nots who constitute the vast major(ip)ity of the community be get along withs more and more inhumane.The term commodity money can be presumptuousness to the kind of money that is at the same measure a commercial commodity. Commodity money has an intrinsic value and that means it is considered to be worth something in its own right rather than simply being a token of financial value such as a beak. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. The best known form of commodity money is coin or atomic number 47 currentnesss, though any commodity can fulfill th is role. The commodity itself since more is being produced and less being utilize for non- monetary purposes, the resources devoted to additional production and the benefits forgone must be counted as the price of the system. Examples of commodities that have been utilise as specialty of exchange include metal(prenominal), silver, copper, salt, peppercorns, large stones, shells, alcohol, barley and cigarettes, just to highlight a few. These items were somemultiplication used in a metric of perceived value in connecter to one some other, in various commodity valuation or impairment System economies With a commodity money balances is part of the markets for goods and services. Use of commodity money is more the same with barter system.The use of shells or bone was nearly universal before humans disc overed how to thrash with remarkable metals in China, Africa, and many other areas, use of cowrie shells was common. historically speaking, many different metals have been used a s standard money bid in ancient Sparta, tin in ancient Syracuse and likely also in early Egypt, copper in early nirvana and in early Rome, and brass until recently in many part of China. In modern times, however, monometallism has been based just aboutly on the so-called unique metals, silver and gold, with an increasing preponderance of gold since the latter part of the last century.Historically, the strongest and nigh stable currencies were those backed by gold and silver. It was this gold/silver backing that gave the silver its intrinsic value. In most cases, a regions currency was actually gold or silver coins. money and silver have always been a universal form of money and measure of wealth providing stableness in an otherwise unstable world (Tony DiCicco, 2002).A commodity money can give rise to a large tote up of price in constancy if either there are large changes in the hang on of the commodity or if there are large changes in the non-monetary use of the commod ity. An caseful of a commodity money that gave rise to price fluctuations is the cigarette currency used in POW camps in the heartbeat World War. The price of goods in terms of cigarettes depended on the relative availableness of cigarettes and goods. If no cigarettes were current in the camp for some time, the emerge of them would return (because prisoners would use them as commodities they would smoke them) and their value would rise. A rise in the value of cigarettes meant that cigarettes bought more, or that prices fell. When a shipment of cigarettes would arrive, their amplificationd availability would cause their value to drop, which meant prices would rise. Its stated that the erratic delivery of cigarettes and the resulting waves of inflation and deflation were a major problem in the mini-economy of the POW (camphttp//ingrimayne.com/econ/Money/Commodities.html).Colonists often resorted to the use of commodity money, where a colonys principal commodity would circulate a s a strong suit of exchange. The Massachusetts bespeak Colony used corn and beaver skins as its medium of exchange. In the Southern colonies, it was tobacco and rice and throughout most of the colonies, animal skins, corn, powder and gun shot, and livestock were often used. Since the market value of commodity money was determined by planning and demand, its value as money often decreased when there was an over supply in the marketplace. In addition, commodity money neglected uniform quality, and was prone to spoilage, difficult to transport, and expensive to store (http//www.bos.frb.org/education/pubs/historyo.pdf ).pictures below shows examples of commodity money that where usedGold SilverShells Barley2.2.2 rewrite moneyThe currency we all use today is legal painful for taxes and debts. It has no intrinsic value, it is not convertible and it is not tyrannically imposed on all transactions. This money parliamentary law money was natural in Massachusetts in 1690. Historians have claimed that it was a simple wartime substitute of revision money for specie, as has happened many times since then, but this opine is anachronistic. Later political relations learned from Massachusetts that order money is a good wartime emergency, but for Massachusetts this was not an obvious idea (Dror Goldberg).Dror Goldberg mentions that Massachusetts had to discharge money to pacify mutinous troops who returned defeated from war. However, formally offspring money, and backing it with arrive (as was then standard), would have been fatal for the long-run emancipation of the colony. Massachusetts had lost its charter in 1684, partly because it minted its own coins (a misdemeanour of the royal coinage fringe benefit). Moreover, all the colonys land was temporarily considered to be the kings land from 1687-1691. In 1690, when Massachusetts had to issue money, its agents were lobbying for a new charter in London. It could not afford to upset the king by violating his coinage prerogative again and backing money with his land. The solution was to issue IOUs, as any English subject was allowed to do, not back it with land, and not force it on trade. Like any IOU issuer the colony could offset its credits with it, namely fashioning it legal in the altogether for taxes. It was also made effectively legal tender for debts in an elaborate, dishonest way. The outcome was fiat money (Dror Goldberg).The Massachusetts bay laurel Colony issued in 1776.The evolution of commodity money into base in the StatesPaper money freshman appeared in America in in the late 17th century. In 1690, the regimen of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in an effort to increase government spending while avoiding the unpopular act of raising taxes, began create paper money to pay for its expenses. To prevail on _or_ upon the Massachusetts Bay colonists to accept the paper as payment, the government promised to render the paper in gold and silver coin collected in taxes at a later date. It also promised to never print paper money again. While both promises were quickly broken by the government, is is fire to see that, again, what caused muckle to begin accepting paper money as payment for goods and services, is the understanding that the money could ultimately be pay offed for substantial wealth in the form of the commodity money in use at the time (Chris Lind).The pictures below is an example of fiat money federal Reserve Note 1941 provideeral Reserve Note 1950The evolution of commodity money into paper in ChinaPaper money bugger off arose in China around 800 AD during the Tang Dynasty. Prior to the cosmos of paper money, a merchant selling his goods in the city of Szechuan, risked press release by theft as he transported his commodity money and unsold goods back to his al-Qaida city. As a way of earning revenue, the Chinese government, in posession of fortified strongholds in each city to store tax revenues, offered the future(a) service. Fo r a fee, a merchant could deposit their gold and silver coin with the government in city A. In exchange the merchant received a paper receipt for the gold deposited. When the merchant arrived back home at city B, he could go to the treasury of that city to redeem his paper reciept for the commodity money in use. Over time, as people learned that the commodity represented by the paper would actually be there, merchants began buying and selling with the paper receipts themselves (Chris Lind).Kuan note is the oldest known banknote in the world (Mike Hewitt)However, its use was very short-lived, by 1455, after over 600 social classs, the Chinese abandoned paper money due to numerous problems of over issuance and hyperinflation.The term fiat money can be given to money that comprises things with a special legal qualification and the money used today is fiat money. order means let it be done or by order of authority. gild money basically means that the currency has no intrinsic value (n or can it be redeemed for cunning metals or something of intrinsic value) and the money is based solely on faith. Rather, the currency is only backed by the good leave of the government that issues it. Normally the government is the one that declares legal tender. With fiat money its not real but it represents goods and services that it can buy thus it can be define as the baskets of goods and services that it represents. For fiat money to be valued, the money supply must be limited and it must be im executable to talk through ones hat (Pnar Yesin 2010).Fiat money is created by a narrow cadre of globalist bankers that assay a new World order. Fiat money is created out of thin air. The fiat system is based on debt. We owe and they are owed. With the power they accrue, a plan has been launched to reorganize all aspects of human life. That plan is called agendum 21 or Sustainable Development. It is a U.N. program, agreed to by 178 nations, that is intentional to create a world or der where human beings are regarded as biological resources. The evolving system does not recognize unalienable rights (Michael Shaw, 2009).Since fiat money has no direct legal connection to a commodity money there is no real economic live to its production, the supply of a fiat money can never be self-limiting and the value of a fiat money is always largely a matter of domain confidence in the economic or political stability of the issuer. Historically every major fiat money have self-destructed in what is popularly called hyperinflation caused by either unlimited increases in the supply of that fiat money by the issuer or accelerating loss of public confidence in the act value of the money or the economic or political fortunes of its issuer or both. Steve Elwart says that today, fiat money will always bring on inflation for two reasons 1) Politicians like to induce inflation because it gives the people the illusion of successfulness and 2) its declared value is ofttimes higher than the cost of producing it. Whether it is a $1 or $100 bill in fiat money, it costs only 4 cents to produce. In todays electronic age, the production cost for new money is zero since money creation is just a keystroke and an entry in cyber-space. On the other hand, in history, if you had a $20 gold piece, the cost of that gold piece, less the cost to produce it, was about $20 (Steve Elwart).The commerce system was prevalent before the origin of fiat currency. In this system, commodities were change for commodities. For example, if one person need rice and the other one need coconut, the person who has cultivates rice has to search and develop out the person having coconut. just now then the exchange will take place. This itself was the serious disadvantage of barter system. For some times the different commodities acted as money and they were named as commodity money. later on years of a coin system the paper fiat currency came in to existence. In the coinage, a gold smith acted sometimes as a banker. A government body started to control the printing of all types of moneys. Banks started to deal with money. They accepted savings and gave loans in the form of money. unconnected from these transactions, banks started to generate bank money ( Robert Mendez).Modern society again replaced old money with other new forms of money like, demand drafts, credit cards, and so forth Now we dont need to keep a liquid form of money with us. All our transactions can be made by using credit cards. We can do all our shopping with these cards. Even if money is used in different forms, the importance of money is simmer down not deteriorated.According to Steve Elwart in his research entitled Commodity Money and Fiat Money A Bushel of Wheat for a Penny, says that a government puts fiat money into circulation first by connecting it to a gold or silver standard, but then jumps the link and says that gold and paper are no longitudinal convertible, making the piece of pape r legal tender for all debts public and private. It is obvious that debtors would be very happy if the pa-per money lost its value because they could pay their debts with expandd currency. In a earn to Edward Carrington in 1788, Thomas Jefferson wrote, Paper is poverty it is only the ghost of money, and not money itself. Jefferson died bankrupt because of the early United States money (monetary) pol-icy based on paper.It is not that fiat currency is a new invention. Fiat currency actually made its appearance over 1,000 years ago. China was the first dry land to issue true paper money around the tenth century A.D. Although the notes were valued at a certain ex-change rate for gold, silver, or silk, conversion was never allowed in practice. The bills were supposed to be redeemed after three years in circulation, but as more bills were printed with the aged(a) notes being refused redemption, inflation became evident. Government measures to prop up the currency were no-win and it fell out of favor (Steve Elwart) .Steve continues to say that at this point, people start to feel the pinch of their money buying less. They demand that their government do some-thing. Since studies have shown that voters only have a memory of one year when it comes to politics, politicians will operate sure that the economy is good in an pick year.6 They will artificially stimulate the economy to give voters the illusion that times are good again and reelect the incumbents. This lasts only so long and inflation, with its problems kick in again. This cycle of increasing the currency supply and price inflation ultimately ends with the collapse of the currency, sometimes preceded by hyperinflation. (Hyperinflation and its cultural make will be covered in Part 3 of this series.) Surprisingly, the country has not learned its lesson and the devalued fiat currency is replaced with yet another fiat currency. Greece is a perfect example of this cycle (Steve Elwart).Steve Elwart says the Greek fluid drachm was minted in gold and silver in ancient Greece and made its coming back as a fiat currency in 1841. Since then, the value of the drachm decreased. During the German-Italian occupation of the country from 1941-1944, hyperinflation ravaged the country, ending with the issuance of 100,000,000,000 (100 billion)- fluidram notes in 1944. After Greece was liberated from Germany, old drachmae were ex-changed for new ones at the rate of 50,000,000,000 to 1. Only paper money was issued, again a fiat currency. Greece then went on a program of famine spending for social programs and inflation started once again.In 1953, in an effort to halt inflation, Greece joined the Bretton Woods system and the drachma was revalued at a rate of 1000 old drachma to one new drachma. In 1973 the Bretton Woods System was abolished over the next 25 years the official exchange rate gradually declined, from 30 drachmas to one U.S. dollar to a ratio of 4001. On January 1, 2002, the Greek drac hma was officially replaced as the circulating currency by the Euro (again a fiat currency).Today, Greece is once again is in trouble. After years of continued deficit spending and the governments easy monetary policy, Greeces financial situation was badly candid when the global economic blueturn struck. Very quickly, the governments creative accounting practices were exposed. The depicted object debt, put at 300 billion ($413.6 billion), is bigger than the countrys entire economy, with some estimates placing it at 120 percent of gross domestic product in 2010. The countrys deficit-how much more it spends than it takes in-is 12.7 percent (Steve Elwart).This time though, Greece just cant inflate their way out of the problem. Now that they are on the Euro (in the Euro-zone), they have wee control over their monetary policy. All their loans are in Euros and they must pay back the loans in Euros. One way to balance the subject books is to implement harsh and unpopular spending cuts . Another way is to indifference on their debt. This would seriously damage the Euro as other countries look at default as a way out of their financial problems. (In fact, financial experts are predicting the demise of the Euro in as early as quint years.8) A third way out is to separate itself from the Euro, go back on the drachma (fiat currency again) and then set an exchange rate of the drachma to the Euro at an artificially high number. The cycle of fiat money would then begin again. As long as a country is on a fiat currency, inflation is sure to follow. Using a fiat currency could well reduce a civilization to work an entire day for a bushel of wheat,(Steve Elwart).Failures of Government fiat moneyHistory has taught that lodging monopoly power over the nations stock of currency in a purely discretionary central bank, unconstrained by a monetary constitution, is highly dangerous. The money-process is likely to become politicized, with monetary policy decent subservient to fi scal policy and with monetary authorities exhibiting a deflect toward inflation. James A. Dorn mentions that a study of about 30 currencies shows that there has not been a single case of a currency freely manipulated by its government or central bank since 1700 which enjoyed price stability for at least 30 years running. Although the Fed has achieved intermittent price stability since its inception in 1913, its long-run performance has been unsatisfactory, especially when compared to commodity-based standards such as the classical gold standard. The issuance of fiat money by governments is, in truth, a white hint crime and, as happens when white collar crimes are discovered, a highly visible paper trail leads straight back to the wrongdoers-in this case, the central banks (Darryl Robert Schoon).In fiat based economies, time is the foe and 95 years have passed since fiat money was introduced into the US. In America and elsewhere time is passing and the clock is ticking and recent ly its been sound more and more like a time bomb (Darryl Robert Schoon) . comparison between types of moneyFiat money is the term for a medium of exchange which is neither a commercial commodity, a consumer, or a producer good, nor title to any such commodity that is wicked paper money. In contrast, commodity money refers to a medium of exchange which is either a commercial commodity or a title thereto. on that point is no doubt that fiat money is possible. Its theoretical possibility was acknowledge long ago, and since 1971, when the last remnants of a former international gold (commodity) standard were abolished, all monies, everywhere, have in fact been nothing but irredeemable pieces of paper (Hans-Hermann Hoppe).As asserted by Cary A. Deck, Kevin A. McCabe and David P. Porter ( ),fiat money is a convention that allows individuals to complete trades without relying on the coincidence of fates or diverting valuable commodities to serve as money. In order for individuals to a ccept intrinsically horrible fiat money in exchange for valuable goods, the agents must rely that the money can be used to complete subsequent purchases of other goods or services.Advantages of Commodity moneyAccording to the information about commodities monies on the internet, the reduced value of the money will encourage people to use the item more in its commodity use. For example, if gold serves as money, and its value drops, people will increase their use of gold for jewelry, tableware, and artistic purposes. Their actions will reflect the law of demand whenever a commodity becomes cheaper, people use more of it. Thus if there is a jerky influx of gold into a country that uses it as money, part of the influx will be diverted to its commodity use, and the effects on the fare of money, and hence on the price level, will be lessened. On the other hand, a sudden decline will also be cushioned, because as the commodity grows more valuable, people will transfer it from its commo dity use into a monetary use. If the amount of gold declines and it rises in value, there is an incentive to melt down jewelry, tableware, and artistic objects and use the gold as money. Hence a doubling of gold may not double the amount of money, and cutting the amount of gold by one half may not cut money by one half (http//ingrimayne.com/econ/Money/Commodities.html ).Another reason for price stability with a commodity money exists when that commodity is used by many other nations. When the price level in any one nation changes, the commodity will flow across borders to where it is most valuable( Robert Schenk, PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1977 ).Disadvantages of Commodity MoneyWhen valuable resources are used as money, those resources cannot be used for consumption. Copper used to make pennies cannot be used to make electrical wire. The supply of money is determined by supply of the commodity. The money supply could fluctuate substantially. The discovery of new gold wou ld mean that the supply of money would increase and the price level would rise. There is a lack of stability when a currency depends on being able to find and produce a particular naturally occurring but naturally out of date substance. When gold is being used as commodity money it can be a disadvantage since the government cant meaningfully increase the supply of gold over a short period of time, for example the Fed can be able to increase the supply of fiat money in 10 weeks by more than 100%, with gold this cannot be accomplished..Advantages of Fiat moneyIs an efficient form of money since it can be produced costlessly, there is a gain from using it instead of something else that is both costly to produce and has alternative uses (Neil Wallace).Uses relatively puny of societys resources. Fiat money has an advantage over commodity money in the stars that the same laws that come up with laws that created the money can also make a end to replace the money if it ever gets damaged or destruction occurs. Fiat money has more stability as compared that of gold-backed currency in the sense that commodity based currencies are inherently pro-cyclic, increasing volatility in terms of the regular business cycle and come and go recessions. This stability allows investors, capitalists and creditors to make rational, firm decisions based on sound expectations that have little room for uncertainty and thus make more risky and inseparable investments. Studies also shows that during the Great depression, countries that used fiat currency system fared more stable and much better off than those dependent on commodity-based currency.As mentioned by Chris Lind, fiat money is generally seen as a doodad or a protectionist system It is much easier to carry around a piece of paper than 50 pounds of gold or some other commodity. Trustworthiness the community trusts that the paper receipt or certificate actually represents the tangible good printed on the paper. Fiat money can an d still created in arbitrary amounts, and is made more available on a favorable basis to the government and commercial banks. With fiat money the Fed can be able to increase the supply by more than 100% within 10 weeks, the advantage of being able to do that is that the government can manipulate the system to mitigate panics and disasters. Take for example the last fall would have being a bigger gage if gold was the monetary numeraireDisadvantages of Fiat MoneyThe longer a fiat money system exists, the greater the odds of economic collapse. Overtime fiat credit money destroys economies because time exacerbates the systemic flaws of credit-based, sic capital, markets (Darryl Robert Schoon).Fiat money is not self limiting, which can make nations which rely on this type of currency extremely vulnerable to hyperinflation. Government controls money supply and it may cause inflation by printing too much money the following example shows how fiat money can unfeignedly cause inflation the example is taken from a journal by Andrew Digeson White (1933), early in the year 1789 the French nation imbed itself in deep financial embarrassment there was a fundamental debt and a serious deficit. The vast reforms of that period, though a lasting put forward politically, were a temporary evil financially. There was a general want of confidence in business circles capital had shown its proverbial timidity by retiring out of sight as far as possible throughout the land was stagnation.Fiat money becomes worthless when its no longer used that is when the government declares. Fiat money distorts the time value of money and in so doing destroys both money and the economies that use it (Darryl Robert Schoon).

Capital structure

Capital social mental synthesisDoes corking complex body part stir rigid measure?HypothesisH0 on that point is no a signifi skunkt family affinity in the midst of big(p) structure and their numerate grocery store value in the origin exchange Thailand.H1 There is a signifi shagt kin mingled with undischarged structure and their total commercialize value in the caudex exchange Thailand.Research apparent movementAre thither any optimum upper-case letter structure of impregnables in billet exchange Thailand and to examine for the relationship betwixt gravid structure and beau monde value.Does uppercase structure affect sign value? An empirical depth psychology of trustys listed in energy and utilities sphere of influence in declension exchange Thailand (SET)1.Introduction1.1 Background of studyCapital structure plays an important role in financial management of the company. Every firms can unite of debt and comeliness in variant way in piece to pro fit the wealthiness of ordinary allotholder. There are several fount of debt and fairness such as common share, gustatory sensation share ,loan-blends ,convertible bonds and so on. thus the firms can raise debt and equity finance in non-finite crew because they need to aim the best combination that minimize the matter average personify of peachy and to achieve the objective of management is to maximise the firm value.Basically better management can increase the shareholders wealth by considering the investment project with best geartrain ratio. From that point of military position neverthe slight the positive investment project increase the wealth of shareholder , the financial decision is besides the key to prospect company future.Groth and Anderson (1997) give tongue to that apprehension neat structure and its practical implications is important to the professional manager regardless of functional area of expertise. The seminal work in the area of crown struct ure earned the inquiryers Nobel Prizes.Therefore the financial managers would select a indebtedness to determine which debt and equity are used in the capital structure could increase wealth. Typically each company is seeking for profitability by use any st gradegies that can bring d withdraw got low court and gain the company return and value for the operating side. In superfluous to the financial side is to get the efficiency combination of debt and equity because it reduces the hail of capital.However at that place are several debates for which capital structure do effect the company value. Is it possible to increase shareholder wealth by changing the string ratio or level? How can we find an best capital structure? Hence, in this paper will loosely discuss the books reviews and the research methodology for answering that interrogative sentence.1.2 Statement of botherOver the past decades, there abide been a large enactment of theoretical and empirical studies app eared. The initial famous theory that has been issued by Modigliani and moth millers in 1958 was known as proposition 1mention that where the firms are running in the comparable type of business at the same particular operating lay on the lines their capital structure is irrelevant to shareholder wealth. Therefore the firm must have the same total value and they can issue any cockle of fund.However the proposition 1 is based on the perfection of capital commercialize and ignore assess , the follow of bankruptancy, financial discommode and so on only if in the real situation the mart is see to be imperfect. Myer(2001) argued that capital structure theory depend on round circumstances . Each theory can give us the dissimilar result regard the live and benefits from financial strategies.This study will whence answer the question to what extend different theories of capital structure can identify the impact on the company value in telephone line exchange Thailand market and are there any relationship between the capital structure and the financial per formulaance of the company.2. Literature Review2.1 Modiglini and Miler supposition of capital structureNowadays most of literature review and expression have examined and expanded from the famous theory of Modiglini and moth miller theory of capital structure. Start with the theory published in 1958 under trust that in a perfect market the value of the firm is unaffected by its choice of capital structure. Therefore the total value of the firm is electrostatic regardless of debt to equity ratio. To give support under this assumption intend that two firm with the same operation of business but different in capital structure. Where firm U is unlevered ,the total value of its equity (EU) is the same as the total value of the firm (VU) . Additionally where the firm L is levered, thus the total value of the firm L is reach to the value of the debt less value of the equity of the firm L. As a result the total value for both company will be the same.Because Modiglini and Miler (1958) believe that when there are no taxes and capital markets function rise , it scrams no different whether the firm should accept or individual shareholders should borrow . The market value of a company does not depend on its capital structure. They proved the assumption by represent that the merchandise prospect would emerge if the total value of the firm relevant to capital structure. The arbitrage should not be in the practical and real situation.The proposition 1 can be illustrated as VL = VU or valuate of the levered firm = Value of unlevered firmIn army to prove that their proposition (1958) was viable , They make assumption that there are no tax and transaction cost exist in the market. Individual and bow window can borrow at the same rate. However there are a large give awaycome of articles argued with his article because it have the appearance _or_ semblances to be unrealistic.Th us, in 1963 Modiglini and Miller published second literature which is known as preposition 2 to modify and fix proposition 1 by considering the corporation tax. It stated that the expected rate of return on the common linage of a levered firm increases in proportion to the debt-equity ratio. maculation proposition 1 says that financial leverage has no effect on shareholder wealth. In contrast to proposition 2 says that the expected rate of return increases as the firms debt to equity ration increases. This means that when the debt-equity ratio increases the risk is also increases and therefore shareholders expect the high rate of return tally to the level of risk they position.Hence, the firm can take benefit as levered firm rather than keep the shape as unlevered firm because the corporation can deduct interest payment as an expense but dividend payment are non deductible. As Modiglini and Miller theory stated that the best capital structure will exist where the cost of capit al or weigh average cost of capital (WACC) minimize and the total market value of the firm maximize.Modiglini and Miller theory with tax illustrated that gearing up by facts of life debt finance rather than equity finance reduces the WACC and the value of the firm rise. Finally an optimal capital structure does exist at point where debt is 100%The proposition 2 can formulate asValue of levered firm = Value of un-levered firm + Value of tax scrimpingIt is used under assumptions that there is corporation tax in the market but without transaction cost exists. The individual and corporation can close up borrow m wholenessy at the same rate. Therefore the best of capital structure should be 100% debt finance because of tax deductible on interest. Under criticism of theory there are a great amount of articles expanded due to can not used in the real world.2.2 craft take out conjecture of capital structureThe mint score theory develops the idea how the firm chooses to raise equity and debt finance by balancing the costs and benefits. Brealey and Myer (2008) presented that each firm should set their own target debt ratio which is vary from firm to firm. The firms with safe tangible addition and plenty of taxable income to shield ought to have high target ratio. profitless companies with risky intangible assets ought to rely primarily on equity pay.Trade off theory has been used widely for study incorporate of capital structure because it justify the fact that to raise part of debt finance the company obtain benefit from tax saving nevertheless the firm face with the cost of capital such as cost of financial distress including unsuccessful person cost and financial distress without unsuccessful person broadly speaking associate to customers and suppliers because they are extra cautious about for the firm that may not be around for long. Potential employee leaving or difficult to grow is also costly for financial distress.In addition to the firm increa se gearing result in an increased level of financial risk. So that the shareholder require high expected return in order to compensate that financial risk. However there are several articles has been question about the relevance of craftsmanship off theory.Brealey and Myer (2008) stated that the trade off theory of capital structure can explain how company actually behave because this theory successfully explains many industry differences in capital structure. High technology growth companies whose asset are risky and mostly intangible normally use comparatively little debt. Graham and Harvey(2001) pointed out that Airlines can and do borrow heavily because their assets are tangible and relatively safe.There is whatever separate that in contrast to the trade off theory of capital structure in real life that the most profitable companies commonly borrow the least (Ward ,1999). Because under this theory it stated that high profits should mean more debt capacity and more tax savin g as a result give a higher target debt ratio.2.3 Bankruptcy costCorporate bankruptcies concept does exist when bank line holders exercise their right to default. Where the firm is coping with the problem but the special(a) liabilities allows stockholders to diminish and leaving all trouble to their creditor. The former creditors then run short the new stockholders and the previous stockholder left with nothing (Brealey and Myer 2008)Warner (1977) classify two type of bankruptcy costs which are direct and indirect. Direct costs include lawyers fee , accountants fee and the value of the managerial time worn out(p) in administering the bankruptcy cost. Indirect costs include doomed sales, lost profits and possibly the inability of the firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especially onerous terms. He did the research by investigate 11 railroads to seek the relationship between bankruptcy costs and the market value of the firm. The evidence scans that while the higher market value railroads generally did incur higher bankruptcy cost, the cost do not appear to be directly proportional to market value. tour Warner supported the direct bankruptcy cost, Baxter(1967) introduced the indirect bankruptcy cost. He positive optimal capital structure models which incorporated bankruptcy cost. These model show that the value of a firm is maximized by increasing the level of debt financing to a point where the marginal present value benefit of the tax shied equal the marginal present value of the cost of bankruptcy.Extentions of the Modigliani-Miller theory have been provided by many researchers. Titman(1984) refers the idea of indirect bankruptcy cost . He argues that stakeholders not represented at the bankruptcy bargaining table, such as customers, can suffer material costs resulting from the bankruptcy. He shows that the bankruptcy status may occur according to the firm s liquidation decision. He pointed out that the firms end up with the cost th at can impose on their customers, suppliers and workers by liquidating are relevant to their capital structure decision.Titman and Wassels (1988) refer there are plenty of authors have suggested that leverage ratio may be related to the firm size. They proved that direct bankruptcy costs seem to constitute a larger proportion of a firms value as that value decreases. The large firm tends to be more diversified and less prone to bankruptcy. As a result , large firm should be more highly leverages2.4 The Pecking order TheoryThere is an argument that there is not necessary to find an optimal capital structure by the theory. Therefore the pecking order Theory refer to the idea that the investment is financed first with internal funds, reinvested earnings primarily and then by new issues of debt and ultimately with new issues of equity. New equity issue are a stick up employ when the company runs out of debt capacity. (Brealey and Myer 2008)In contrast to the static trade off theory Myers(1984) summarizes the concept of pecking order theory as take in1. Firms prefer internal finance.2. They adapt their target dividend payout ratios to their investment opportunities, while trying to avoid sudden changes in dividends.3. Sticky dividend policies, plus unpredictable fluctuations in profitability and investment opportunities mean that internally generated cash flow may be more or less than investment outlay . If it is less,the firm first draw down the cash balance or vendable securities.4. If external finance is required, firms issue the safest security first. That is ,they start with debt,then possibly hybrid securities such as convertible bonds,then perhaps equity as a last resort.Base on the theory,there is no well-defined target debt-equity mix because there are two kinds of equity,internal and external,one at the top of pecking order and one at the bottom. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance.Brealey and Mye r (2008) explain why the most profitable firms generally borrow less not because they have low target debt ratios but they dont need outside gold. In the opposite way ,less profitable firms issue debt because they do not have internal sufficient fund for investment and debt financing is first resort for external financing following to the pecking order theory2.5 The fashion costPreviously Modiglini and Miller theory(1958) ignored taxation. Since then 1963 they amended the model by implication corporation tax. From that point it is suggested that the higher the level of taxation, the lower the have cost of capital. That means if the firm use higher level of the gearing ,the higher the value of the company. The company financial strategy should choose a 99.9% gearing levelHowever in practice most of the firm can not go for high levels of gearing because according to Modiglini and Miller theory is still far from perfect. They distort the problems which can occur from raising high le vel of gearing such as bankruptcy risk. There is the possibility of bankruptcy as gearing increase result in increase the WACC and the value of the share price reduce.Agency cost is also the main problem does not exist in Modiglini and Miller theory. Jensen and Meckling (1976) argued that the combination of debt and equity does affect the cost such as mode cost, bankruptcy cost and so on. The benefit of tax saving of raising debt produces an optimal capital structure less than a 100% because the benefit form tax is traded off offset the likelihood of incurring the costs.Jensen and Meckling(1976) define an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some military service on their behalf which involve delegation some decision making trust to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizes, there is good drive to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interest of the principal.In addition, they identify and examine the concept of agency costs by generating the existence of debt and outside equity. They found that bondholders agency cost move in reverse direction. It is falling when the level of debt increase. Thus,it follows that at some point the minimum cost of agency will exist by combined the firms debt and equity securities.3. Research objectiveThe main objective for the corporate finance to study capital structure is to review the literature of capital structure in different theories according to their effect on company value and test the implication of theories that seek to justify an optimal capital structureSince 1958 Modigliani and Miller model stated that the value of the company is disregarding to the capital structure. Based on that model MM make assumption for the perfect market so they ignore the tax issue , losings from bankruptcy cost , the agency cost and so on. As a result there are several literatures have been expanded from Modigliani and Miller model.Thus, this study paper is seeking for investigation and gives the explanation for the existence of optimal capital structure and the financial performance. The aim of this research is to answer the question whether the relationship between the capital structure and the value of the firm.4.Research MethodologyIn order to answer the question of the project . It is necessary to set up the hypotheses then answer them. The hypotheses to be tested for this project are as followHO There is no a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the crinkle Exchange Thailand (SET)H1 There is a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the Stock Exchange Thailand (SET)Sampling MethodAdditionally, this study also gain the information from sampling method. It is very practical and to prove that the project is reliable by identify the group of info which is the listed firms of energy a nd utilities sector in the stock exchange Thailand (SET). The project represents 25 listed companies ,the total amount of the share is 287,181,000 and the market value is 8,551,158,000 baht. It can be stated that the market value of the share for group representative is significantly more than half of the whole total market value(19,130,000,000baht). Therefore they can be good sample of the project.explanatory VariablesIt is important to justify the variables that do affect the company value In this study there are as follow1.Earning per share (EPS)Earning per share is widely used to measure company success therefore it is the underlying tool to indicate the company performance.Earning per share = profit aft(prenominal) interest, after tax and after preference dividends/ calculate of ordinary share in issue2. GearingGearing is used to measure of risks. High gearing mean high risk .Gearing = Total Debt/shareholder equity3. Dividend per share (DPS)The dividend per share is calculate d to show the shareholder how much of the general dividend payout they are entitle toDividend per share = total ordinary dividend/total number/total number of share issued4.Return on equity (ROE)Return on equity measures how much profit a company generates for its ordinary shareholders with the money they have invested in the company.ROE = Profit after tax and preference dividends/Ordinary share capital plus reserve100%5.Data collection MethodsResearch design mainly focuses on data collection and acknowledgments. Therefore to research for this project will use the quantitative analysis by use the secondary data that has already been researched because of limited resources. The second data can collect from the journal of finance Economics, Journal of Banking and finance, textbook from library, the stock market data, the financial annual report and so on. Most of the source of data such as financial statement , dividend payout ,the data from stock market to use calculate the varia bles is mainly available from website http//www.setsmart.com. It is the source of data open public for the investor who interested to buy the share in stock exchange Thailand (SET). However to acquire the information must have the username and password.6. make Planning ProcessAug09Sep09Oct09Nov09Dec09Jan10Revised literature review*Data analysis procedures customization***Development of the detailed methodology*** junior-grade data collecting***Secondary data analysis and interpretation**Preparing questionnaire for interviews**Carrying out interviews*Transcribing interviews*Chapters writing and coordinating with supervisor***Summarized analysis of findings**Draft Conclusions*Draft Recommendations*Final conclusions, recommendations*Project Final subduedness*7. Bibliography and ReferencesBrealey,R.A.and Myers,S.C.and Allen,F.(2008) Principle of Corporate Finance.9th edition.BostonMcgraw-Hill/IrwinGraham,J. and Harvey, C. The theory and practice of corporate finance evidence from th e field.Journal of financial Economics 60 (May/June2001),pp.187-244.Groth, J. and Anderson, R.(1997), capital Structure Perspectives for Managers,Management DecisionJensen,M.C.and Meckling,W.H.(1976) Theory of the firm Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of fiscal Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4,(July 1, 1976).Available at SSRNhttp//ssrn.com/abstract=94043 10.2139/ssrn.94043.(accessed24/08/09)Modigliani, F. Miller, M. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. American Economic Review 48 (3) 261-297. Available at http//www.jstor.org/ still/1809766.(accessed21/08/09)Modigliani, F. Miller, M. (1963). Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital a correction. American Economic Review 53 (3) 433-443. Available at http//www.jstor.org/stable/1809167. (accessed22/08/09)Myers, S.C., 1984, The Capital Structure Puzzle, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3, Papers and Proceedings, Forty-Second yearly Meeting, American Finance As sociation, July, pp. 575-592Myers,S.C.(1984)The capital Structure Puzzle. The journal of finance,Vol.39,No.3,(July 1984),pp575-592. Available at http//www.jstor.org/stable/2327916.(accessed23/08/09)Oscar,B.U shaped cost of equity function? digging into Modigliani-Miller(1958)Mistake(September2006). Available at SSRNhttp//ssrn.com/abstract=934550(accessed21/08/09)Titman,S.(1984).The effect of capital structure on a firms liquidation decision.The Journal of finance Economics 13 (March 1984),pp.137-151.Titman,S.and Wessels,R.(1988) The Determinants of capital structure choice.The Journal of finance Economics43 (March 1988),pp1-19. Available at http//www.jstor.org/stable/2328319?seq=6.(accessed23/08/09)Wald,J.K.,How firm characteristics after capital structure An International comparison.Journal of Financial Resarch22 ( Summer1999),pp.161-187.Warner,J.B.(1977)Bankruptcy CostsSome evidence. The Journal of Finance,Vol32,Issue2, (May,1977),pp337-347.

ESL Writing Achievement and Grades

ESL create verb anyy Achievement and GradesSTUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARD WRITING ESL STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS PEER RESPONSEGraham, Berninger, and Fan (2007) emphasized that situation is an assembleive component of motivation. Concerning (Second Language Acquisition (SLA), Cook (1993) elaborated on the Affective Filter Hypothesis proposed by Krashens 1982 theory of guerrilla language acquisition. Cook (1993) acceded that Krashen theorized that motivation is an essential variable that has a facilitative, affectional role in L2 ( warrantment language) learning. Cook (1993) explained that Krashen claimed that Language learners who argon highly motivated are to a greater extent inclined to acquire the target language. motive little learners who are highly anxious on the other hand, usually take aim difficulty understanding the target language beca using up of a high affective filter which results in a mental block that hinders comprehensible arousal from being acquired.The ques tion here is how ab pop out coadjutor reviewers affective state? More critically, and in direct recounting with (ESL) musical composition, Anderman and Wolters (2006) indi guy cableed that the affective states may baffle the different types of strategies which are utilized by disciples while constitution (as cited in Graham et al., 2007). Along similar lines, Isen (1990) stipulated that students with negative affect tend to use ob touch onte and dead-end pen strategies whereas students who are characterized by an affirmative and more encouraging emplacement towards piece of music tend to get sedulous in more flexible and adaptive self-regulated strategies which help them be cognitively engaged to the theme task (as cited in Graham et al., 2007).According to Graham, Berninger, and Fan (2007) the sole researcher who investigated students place towards committal to written material in a systematic course during the 90s was Knudson (1992, 1993, 1995) whose main area of f ocus was master(a) age children. Kear, Coffman, McKenna, and Ambrosio (2000) base out that childrens attitude toward writing in reality worsens as they move to velocity enjoins. Same results were reported in earlier research do by Knudson (1991, 1992, 1993) who also found out that older students tend to take over less compulsive attitudes towards writing that junior ones (as cited in Kear et al., 2000). Therefore, Knudson (1995) insisted that since research indicates that writing fretting and apprehension take a shit a negative nucleus on students victory in school, practitioners should be more involves in research that has to do with savers attitudes towards writing and how it evolved in school environment. Knudson (1995) also emphasized that educators should be knowledgeable about(predicate) their students understanding of the writing tasks so that they would be better able to prise their students engagement, involvement, and interest. Knudson (1995) conducted a fi eld field of study which examined how writing attitude and transaction are cor colligate in addition to the correlational relationship amongst writing attitude and clan level in addition to gender. The participants were 430 students enrolled in an elementary school in the USA / English language immanent speakers who came from every low or lower socio-economic status. The researcher administered a questionnaire for each student grade level. Hence, students in grades (1-3) responded to the writing Attitude Survey for Primary grade students whereas older students in grades (4-8) responded to the Writing Attitude Survey for Children. It must except be noted that the aforementioned attitude plates were both developed by the researcher. In addition to the questionnaires, students were asked to respond to a given prompt. Each turn out compose by students was read and graded by two raters who had achieved delicious ground of inter- rater reliability. Knudson (1995) triangulated he r data collection procedures by randomly selecting 12 students from all grade levels and interviewed them to elaborate on their answers they have given in the writing attitude survey . The children were also interviewed to elaborate on their beliefs towards the writing tasks done at school and how they were directly related to their achievement as well as to explain how they perceived writing to be important. The interview contained 10 open ended questions which provided the researcher more insights about students understanding of writing tasks and activities at different grade levels as well as more explanations on students responses given in the questionnaires administered earlier.Results indicated that writing achievement was directly related to students grade level as well as their perceptions and attitudes towards writing. Hence, Knudson (1995) reported that students who have positive attitudes towards writing regardless of age and gender tend to be better writers. On the oth er hand, concerning grade level and gender and their relation to writing achievement, the researcher also reported that older students and females in peculiar(prenominal) have a better inclination towards becoming proficient writers that younger writers and males in special. What is interesting is that Knudson (1995) claimed that the questionnaires and interviews she conducted also government noted how students attitudes towards writing changes as a result of specific writing strategies they learner in sort. Hence, students in grade 4 for example were able to verbalize the answer strategies they used in writing such as readiness, organizing, and goal setting. So, the researcher concluded that the process writing set about became more prevalent in writing keep in line where students engage in prewriting activities and this strategy was explicit by the participants as planning the entire composition, drafting which was voiced by the interviewed students as opinion what to include and leave out, in addition to revising which was verbalized by Knudsons participants as being sure they stayed on appearance out (Knudson, 1995, p. 94). These results are consistent with what Knudson (1991) suggested when she was in the process of developing her writing attitude scales back then. Hence, she recommended that it is useful for researchers, program evaluators, and researchers to assess childrens attitudes towards writing and the effect of instruction on their attitudes, including treatment, grade, and times of measurement (Knudson, 1991, p. 814). Of direct relevancy, Graham, Berninger, and Fan, (2007) investigated one reflection of motivation specifically, attitudes of young, beginning writers. The participants were 128 first grade level students (70 females and 58 males) and 113 third grade level students (57 females and 56 males) who were English language native speakers. The educational level of the parents was used as a socioeconomic status as well. The participants writing proficiency was average ranged.To begin with, each student wrote a composition and three measurements were conducted for each written composition. The first measure aimed at assessing the sophistication of vocabulary use by students. Therefore, two scorers counted 7- letters or more vocabulary terms and transformed into portions ( ground on TOWL-2). The second measure was the average length of the right word episode. The average length was measurable by obtaining the average length and correct word sequences that occurred in sequence in front an incorrect word sequence occurred (Graham, Berninger, and Fan, 2007, p. 525). Two scorers revised and discussed the rules for obtaining a correct word sequence and inter-rater reliability coefficient was 0.85.The overall quality of written essays was calculated by the third measure which was a holistic place scale based on (Cooper 1977) . The papers were scored on a 7-point Likert scale, 1 being the lowest quality o f writing and 7 being the highest by two former elementary grade school teachers (inter-rater reliability coefficient was 0.93).As for students attitude towards writing, students had to cater to seven questions which measured their attitudes toward writing. The researchers used the Garfield the cat scale developed by McKenna et al. (1995). Hence, students chose images ranging from the image of a very happy Garfield the cat (score of 4) and ending up with a score of 1 that is the very cheerless or sad Garfield. Later on, structural equality modeling (SEM) approaches based on (Bollen, 1989, and Kline, 1998) were used to identify the structural relationship between attitude and achievement. It should be noted that in addition to examining the structural relationship between attitude and achievement, the researchers examined age differences (younger / older) and gender differences (male/ female). Results indicated that writing attitude does influence writing achievement because the rel ationship between them was found to be statistically signifi toilettet. Moreover, girls were found to have more positive attitudes toward writing and therefore favored writing more than boys did. However, no statistical difference was reported concerning the writing achievement variable.Interestingly enough, Musgrove (1999) conducted a different kind of study concerning students attitudes toward writing. The researcher had her students write self-evaluative narratives that reflect how writing attitudes are usually shaped by how booming students writing experiences are. The participants were English majors prospective secondary teachers and college students registered in a first-year writing segmentation. At the beginning of the term, Musgrove (1998) identified for her students what is meant by attitude ones predispositions toward particular tasks, ideas, or people and provided them with lexical terms of attitude. Then, in a series of mini-lessons, she provided her students with li terary works which demonstrated particular attitudes (positive and negative critical attitudes) which were discussed by students.The researcher then asked students to track bolt down how their attitudes towards writing developed by keeping records and compiling portfolios. Musgrove (1999) announced that the portfolios include a resume, an initial attitudinal survey, learning goals, personal grammar and usage handbook, in class writing, homework assignments, essays, and portfolio self-evaluations written at midterm and end of semester (p. 5).Musgrove (1998) concluded that mechanical drawing students attention to their attitudes gave them the opportunity to examine how their beliefs and what they bring to their writing definitely affects their writing achievement. Moreover, the self-evaluations written by students helped them connect to their backgrounds as writers because their writing background actually directly affects their attitudes towards writing.However, Katstra, Tollefson , and Gilberts (1987) study was the sole(prenominal) study to my knowledge, that examined the effect of associate response on students attitudes toward writing. To elaborate, the study was conducted to investigate whether peer response in a process approach to writing environment could payoff to positive attitudes towards writing along increased fluency. The participants were ninth grade native speakers in the USA who registered in seven English classes which were taught by three teachers. The subjects were randomly assigned to observational and match collections in such a way that each teacher had a control group and an experimental group to teach. Both the control groups and the experimental groups responded to two attitude instruments before treatment. Then, both groups wrote the first draft of a personal narrative. The first drafts word number was tallied and recorded as a pretest measure for fluency in writing. The treatment was introduced over a period of four days. Fir st, the experimental group explicitly received training in peer response and participants rewrote their second drafts according to comments suggested by the peers in each response group. The students in the control group on the other hand, wrote their second drafts based on assist offered by the teacher payable to specific questions asked by students in the control group. The two groups then counted the number of words they had written in their second drafts and this became the post-test measure of writing fluency. Finally, the two attitude instruments which were administered to both groups as pertest were administered a bring forward as post-tests measures. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was administered in order to measure the three way interaction between the independent variables which were (1) teachers (three levels) (2) gender of students (3) and treatment condition. Results indicated an increased positive attitude towards writing on behalf of the experimental group. Howe ver, no significant differences were observe in post-test writing fluency. Therefore, peer evaluation does not affect students writing fluency.Some studies tackling the affective benefits of peer response examined students perceptions toward peer feedback. Chong (2010) examined student teachers perceptions and attitudes toward peer response and the likelihood to how they are willing to use the aforementioned approach in L2 writing classes. Results indicated that student teachers did not favor the usage of peer response in their classes due to external reasons such as class size, time restrictions, authority control, as well as internal work outs such as inability to see the benefits of peer response, insufficient experience or training in using this technique (p. 58).As for the affective factor of peer feedback of ESL university students, Zhang (1995) made it clear the majority of his 81 ESL students (75%) who were enrolled at a university in USA actually favored feedback provided by teachers as hostile to feedback provided by peers.. The findings coincide with Nelson and Carson (1998) whose ESL college students expressed their tendency to favor teachers feedback rather than their peers feedback. Moreover, ethnic differences were perceived to negatively affect peer response as both(prenominal) of the participants goal in peer review sessions particularly Chinese students was generally maintaining good harmony by refraining from providing their pees with critical peer response. However, another study actually contradicted Nelson and Carsons (1998) findings concerning the Chinese groups perception of peer response. Hence, Roskams (1999) who examined Chinese EFL learners perceptions toward peer response. The university bound Chinese students actually reported their nakedness to engage in peer response and expressed that this approach could be beneficial to their ESL language learning. Hence, participants generally perceived peer feedback as useful. However, only 5 % of participants did not enjoy the collaborative learning arrangement.Therefore, many studies revealed inappropriate results which reported inconsistency in findings which reflected that peer response is problematic due to students cultural schemata, their ability to review their peers work and their attitudes towards peer response. However, Hu (2005) indicates that these problems are not inherent in peer response as research books suggests that carefully designed training in peer response can help assist L2 writing students as well as their teachers gain understanding of the benefits of peer response (Berg, 1999 Min, 2006 Ting and Qian 2010).THE ROLE OF THE COMPUTER IN CONVEYING MEDIATED FEEDBACKThe role of computers in conveying mediating feedback in L2 (second langue) settings has pay back central for research concerned with technology-enhanced peer response lately. However, the results on the effect of integrating computer-mediated intercourse (CMC) into peer respo nse have been conflicting, mixed, and even inapposite (Schultz, 2000 Hu, 2005 Liu and Sadler, 2003 Tuzi, 2004 DiGiovanni and Nagaswami, 2001). Hence, many researchers (Braine, 1997 Leh, 1999 Biesenbach-Lucas and Weasenforth, 2001 Liu and Sadler, 2003) have expressed concerns about using computer-mediated communication as a substitute for the face-to-face venue of peer response, especially that its eventual(prenominal) benefits for ESL learners have not been yet established fully by researchers. However, consensus have been researched among researchers that CMC-based peer response should be seriously blended with face-to-face communication in the peer response process (Schultz, 2000 Hu, 2005 Liu and Sadler, 2003 Tuzi, 2004 DiGiovanni and Nagaswami, 2001).

Analysis of Word Processing Programmes

Analysis of interchange Processing Programmes give-and-take PROCESSINGAN INTRODUCTION treatment Processing is a computer practical application which allows a textbookbook file to be created, edited, stored and printed. By contacting within any archive with your mouse you so-and-so correspond or delete content and artwork. in that respect atomic number 18 some(prenominal) assorted types of password processing programs. Microsoft discourse is star of the most popular and frequently employ applications. It is generally the best big money to buy because it is part of Microsoft Office Suite, which includes PowerPoint and Excel it is also cost in effect(p) and is easy and practical to use. 2Text Manipulation is being able to transfigure the appearance of the text in a volume written document employ the Font Icons. These icons ar expressions, size of it, font styles and enhancement (such as colour). These smorgasbords stool be done by highlighting specific text, w hole paragraphs or the constitutional document and riddleing on the leave icon in the tool bar. 3 extend Processing has a default writing style and size.In hunting lodge to change either of these, cut across on the down pointer and different fonts will appear. portion out the font desired.To the right of the font box, the size of the font can be selected and changed by using the down pointer and selecting the size sui tab constitutele for the document you are working on. Sizes 10 and 12 are the most commonly used for letters and documents and larger sizes are used for headings.4The Font styles found in the toolbar are Italic, Bold, Under rakehell, Strikethrough, Superscript and Subscript. Text effects, high spot and font colour are also here.BOLD style can be applied by selecting the text to appear in cobwebby and pressing the B thrust. Similarly, using the italics and underline button can change the appearance of the text. Colour can also be found here and used to enha nce the appearance of the document.Formatting a document is the layout of a document. There are several(prenominal) applications that can help in doing this. conglutinationMarginsSpacingIndentingLayoutBordersHeaders FootersThe concurrence of text in a document shows where the text sits in that document. Text can be aligned in several different ways.Left Alignment This the default position in word processing where the text is lined up with the left edge of the page. It is lots used for the date and address on letters.Right Alignment the text is lined up with the right edge of the page. This can also be used for addressing letters.Centre Alignment the text is placed in the spunk of the document. This is used for headings, where centering is necessitate.Justification Alignment text is lined up with both left and right hand edges of the page. This layout is seen in newspapers.5To use Alignment on text, highlight the section to be aligned. To highlight the full document use Ctrl + A . Then click on the Home page go to the Paragraph box and click on the alignment needed.6Using the arrow on the right hand corner of the paragraph box, alignment can be set manually also.Line spacing in Word Processing can be set as a wizard space between lines of text in a paragraph, to any appropriate space needed. The default space setting is 1.15, which makes text more readable.Go to Home in address bar. mouse click on the downward arrow.A list of options allows a line spacingvalue to be chosen. specialised spacing options can be chosen. polish off on the downward arrow in the corner of the Paragraph box.The menu allows specific line-spacing values to be set from the Spacing area of the menu.The Multiple Line Spacing menu, along with At, allows spacing to be customised.Click ok when values are chosen.7Go to Mailings in the ribbon bar.Click on the Start Mail shuffle arrow.Select Labels from the drop-down menu.Within the application that opens, choose the appropriate sized try and click ok. The label selected will appear in box.Go to Select Recipients and select from the drop-down menu that appears.Click on the appropriate line.This will yoke both labels and addresses.Ensure arrow is present in the first cell.Click on Insert melt Field and insert each line of address.Click on Update Labels and this address will appear in each cell.Click on Preview Results to check addresses are decent placed.To change the alignment of address, highlight all the cells go to Tools Barclick on Layout and choose appropriatealignment.Click on Finish Merge icon.8 chips are used for lining up text.Set by placing the cursor on the ruler bar across the top of the page.Click at each point on the lower line where a tab is needed.The pre-set tabs will disappear and the tabs needed for the document are left.When the tab key is pressed, the cursor will move to the next tab point.9 anovulatory drug scratch can be set precisely to customise a document by using the Tabs dialog box. Go to Page LayoutClick on the corner downward arrow in the Paragraph box.In the dropdown Menu, click on Tabs button.Set parameters in the Tab boxIn Tab stop position, select location of Tab.In Alignment, select type of Tab stop.In Leader box select type needed.Click Set. nontextual matter is the display and manipulation of pictures in Word Processing. Word Processing allows pictures to be drawn or imported from several different sources e.g., Online pictures, personal photos stored on the computer, Clipart, SmartArt, and Screenshots.Graphics are used to support text, to make it more fire and to enliven the document.10Go to INSERT on the address bar.In the Illustrations box, graphics can be accessed from the different sources.To Access graphics from the InternetGo to Illustrations.Click on Online Pictures.Type in Search box required image.Select image and click Insert.11 control panels in Word Processing are made-up of rows and columns. They are easy to create and using tables in Wo rd Processing is made easy by the variety of features present which allows the substance abuser to present professional looking tables.12Creating a TablePlace your cursor where you wantthe table to be.Go to INSERT in the address column.Click on downward arrow in Table box.Click on Insert TableInsert Table dialog box appears posture in parameters requiredClick ok.Table now appears in document13To affix the number of cells, rows and columns can be done with the click of a button.To add a row to a Table place your cursor in the cell above where you want the row to appear.Go to Table Toolsclick on LayoutClick on Insert belowTo add a column, place the cursor in the column beside which you the column to appear.Go to Table ToolsClick on LayoutClick on Insert Right or Insert Left14File Handling and File ManagementFile vigilance and Handling is how data is organised on a computer system. By naming, storing and handling files logically, they can be retrieved easily and conveniently.15There are several functions in file management /handling that allow creating, deleting and maintaining files.16Folders cedeSave AsFile Type e.g. Word 2010, PDFFoldersTo create a brochureRight click on the desktopClick on naked in the dropdown menuName FolderEach Folder has a unique name. Sub folders can be create within a folder. Files are stored within folders.Save Save As The Save button is used when you are making changes to an existing document and you want to fulfill the changes you make.Save As is used when you have saving information into a file.1 https//tepfenhart506.wordpress.com/lesson-plan/ accessed 28/09/162 http//techterms.com/definition/wordprocessor3 inventive Training, Word Processing QQI train 5 accessed 29/09/164 http//www.nuim.ie/staff/dpringle/gis/HDip/hdgis04.pdf accessed 30/09/165 productive Training, Word Processing, QQ1 Level 5 accessed 30/09/165 Creative Training, Word Processing, QQI Level 5 accessed 04/10/20166 https//support.office.com/en-ie/article /Format-a-document-in-Word-2016-780772c6-9506-4081-afd1-aff9aab19f5f7 Creative Training, Word Processing, QQI Level accessed 06/10/168 Creative Training, Word Processing, QQI Level 5 accessed 05/10/169 www.compukiss.com/tutorials/word-processing-basic-terminology.html accessed 05/10/1610 http//howtogeek.com/school/microsoft-word accessed 05/10/1611 http//year9top10.wikispaces.com/top+ten+web+pages12 http//www.teach-ict.com/gcse_new/software/word_processor/miniweb/pg14.htm accessed 06/10/1613 Creative Training, Word Processing, QQI Level 5 accessed 06/10/1614 Creative Training, Word Processing, QQI Level 5 accessed 07/10/1615 http//www.dpbestflow.org/file-management/file-management-overview16 https//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop.aspx

English Based Idioms English Language Essay

side Based vocabularys side wrangle EssayIntroductionLanguage is a major lineament of a nation. incline wording has developed hundreds of thousands of idioms. It has been estimated that slightly 7,000 idioms argon use by a native speakers per week (Cooper, 1999, p. 249). At the same time, grasping idioms digest be a great addition to learners in acquiring a new language (Celce-Murcia Larsen-Free valet de chambre, 1999, p.36). barbarisms atomic number 18 extraordinarily difficult for their flexible buildings and figurative meanings (Liu, 2003, p.675). For example, the meaning of high horse has energy to do with high and horse tho means an arrogant people. harmonize to the surface meaning, blurb language learners can hardly tell its meanings.Also, Language is the to the highest head important communication tool. People use language to conserve and transmit human being civilization, that is, language conveys the agri coating. Sapir (1921) observed that conclusion c an be delimitate as what a human community does and finds. The decease of language is to explain what a thought is. Therefore, language does not exist al peerless. It is grow in national ending and reflects national institutions. If culture is regarded as the place of birth of language, animate being idioms can be seen as the crystallization of culture. sentient being idioms are plentiful in slope. They prominently reflect English culture. For a recollective period, studies on physical idioms mainly focus on translation, cross- ethnic comparison, literature, etcetera, much(prenominal) as On the Validity of the Communicative Translation in Idiom Translation from a Cultural Perspective (Wang, 2006), On the Untranslatability in English-Chinese Idiom Translation (Zhao, 2010). However, there are few studies on English animal idioms acquisition linking to British culture. For example, On the Integrated Teaching of Language and tillage in the British and American Literature C ourses (Chen, 2009). sentient being idioms, like a mirror, can clearly reflect the characteristics of a national culture. Generally speaking, culture is divided into three levels by anthropologists high culture, universal culture, deep culture. last culture includes philosophy, literature, art and religion. Popular culture refers to customs, etiquette and the interpersonal aspects of life. Deep culture contains the meaning of beauty and ugliness, time orientation, problem-solving methods. They believe that these three levels of culture are terminationly linked. High culture and popular culture are root in the deep culture, while deep culture reflects the popular culture by a kind of custom or life style and reflects the high culture by authentic forms of art or literary theme. Growing up in a culture has naturally acquire its deep culture and popular culture (Yin Han, 2007).High culture and popular culture belong to low context culture deep culture belongs to high context cu lture. In this thesis, the key question is to investigate whether the Chinese English learners can understand the low context culture by examining the command of animal idioms. High context culture is out of the kitchen stove of this project.Literature ReviewCulture and LanguageThere are a large number of definitions in culture, but a few of them can be reviewed. The most classical definition of culture is make by Edward B. Tylor, the father of heathen anthropology. The definition describes the culture as a centerfield of society, which is regarded as the first important anthropological theory about culture. Tylor(1873, p.10) provided that culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. He believed that culture is share by all humankind, all community. Then, following the definitions of sociologists, they believe that culture refers to human attitudes, inst itutions, and beliefs etc. Reflecting the life of a human community is the key point in culture. Samovar et al (2000) observe that culture is a root word (which may be a nation, corporate or family) to form thought, behavior, custom, etc. in spite of appearance certain amount of time and heathen consciousness is radiated from all activities. They think that culture describes the styluss of a person or a group of peoples existence. The society, country and nationality are an important platform for peoples existence in generations. That is to say, culture explains the way of thinking, speaking, communicating during the existence. Also, Deng and Liu (2007) point out that culture illustrates the ways of a people, that is to say, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society.The language stems from certain social life and production and is the carrier of certain culture which contains peoples everyday life. It inevitably reflects this nationalitys social reality and receive s the constraint of this nationalitys custom, thinking mode, moral rule, entertain orientation, and political idea (Yang, 2007). Each language is a living fogey to a nation. Language as the main material has the most get up and close amour to build a culture. Furthermore, language is used for communication. It is unachievable to use a language without sensitiveness of its culture. That is to say, language can be a signal to identify varied cultures. When language used by finicky speakers, it conveys certain context which is how words be chosen, why to pick it, what meaning can be expressed. Language cannot exist without carrying culture meaning. pr matchless the arguments above, the family mingled with language and culture can be depict as follows language come from culture and culture embodies the entire way of life of a society. Using language can promotes cultural stretch out and culture can promote language development. Language and culture civilize closely and inf luence each other. Expressing facts, ideas, or events and reflecting the peoples attitudes, beliefs etc. are the most important function of a language. Language exchange actually is cultural communication. Learning a language well must be aware of its culture.Studies on IdiomsMakkais Idiom Structure in English, an extended version of his doctorial thesis (1965), identifies two major types of idioms one is encoding another is decoding. Makkai finds a rationale to explain this division. The headword listed in the (OED) (1970) is sense 3a, which also appears in an identical form in the OED (1989) A form of expression grammatic construction, phrase etc., peculiar to a language a peculiarity of diction approved by the usage of a language, and often having significance other than its grammatical or logical one (quoted from Fernando C., 1996, p.3-4). gibe to Moon (1998, p.4), narrower uses measure up idiom to a particular kind of unit one is stiff and semantically opaque or metaphorical , for examples, as white as a sheet or cold shoulder. In broader uses, idiom is a universal term for many kinds of multiword item, no matter semantically opaque or not. For animal idioms, the form is usually loose, and it mainly focuses on figurative meanings sooner than literal meaning, for examples, put the cart before the horse, or straight from the horses mouth.According to Nunberg et al. (1994, p.498), idioms may differ along three orthogonal semantic dimensions compositionality, conventionality, and transparency. Compositionality refers to the degree to which the phrasal meaning, once known, can be analyzed in terms of the contributions of the idioms parts conventionality refers to the degree to which idiomatic meanings are not predictable based upon knowledge of the word components in isolation, and knowledge of the conventions of a particular language environment finally, transparency refers to the degree to which the original motivation of these phrases is instantaneousl y accessible (see Titone and Conine, 19991663-1664).Wang (2010) mentions in English idioms feature and pragmatics that English idioms with the strong feature of rhetoric are formed from long-tem use and their structures are unique and live fixed expression. It contains proverbs, sayings, slangs, and allusions, etc. There are two important characteristics of idioms one is semantic unity, that is, the overall meaning cannot be tracked from each word. For example, hound dog doesnt eat dog. It means that people of same profession, school, etc. never wangle trouble for one another instead of the surface meaning. Another is the structure of fixity, that is, its structure cannot be altered arbitrarily, for example, kick the bucket. It cannot say kick the pail or be used in the passive voice- the bucket is kicked.Animal idioms and British cultureThere is a close relationship between animals and peoples lives. On the one hand, animal is the main source of food and attire for human the o ther hand, kinds of animals represent certain images which people pay motor lodge to them. These animals reflect human thought and contain certain national culture. Liao (2000) has defined that there are three bases to make animal vocabularies to cause cultural meanings. First, derive from animals appearances, fleshly structure, mentality, behavior. Second, come from cultural content such as fables, legends, religions, physical geography, and customs. Third, be created by association, that is to say, animals are associated with another things which relate to capability cultural psychology. In the perspective of linguistics, animal images used in idioms wee-wee figurative meaning. Idioms linked to animals usually contain metaphors. Animals denote and connote conjectural qualities. These qualities are applied to people and human situations. There is a phenomenon that no idiom database contains animal or insect, although many contain hyponyms such as cat, dog, or horse. The reason may be that general words such as animal are too neutral to cause these kinds of transfer metaphors, despite the fact that both animal and insect are used in other contexts with metaphorical meanings (Moon, R., 1998, p.196).In the meantime, the formation of animal idioms relies on culture. According to the arguments mentioned above, culture refers to all aspects of a people such as geographical situation, the style of production, and literature etc. In the history, Great Britain was the original in the sea. Despite the Europe, other continents were the British colonies. Therefore, British nation could contact with many animal species. Britain is surrounded by islands. Due to the abundant resources from physical geography, animal idioms flourished in the early years of that century. Thereby, English idioms fox close contact with sea and fishing, for example, hook ones fish. Comparing with China, Great Britain is filled with dispirited mountains and strait lands. In ancient Brita in, horses are main tillable force. The function of horses is above all. Thus, there is particularly large number of horse-related idioms, such as horse of another color, an iron horse, or horse sense etc. In ancient China, the cattle played a significant role. That is why so many idioms related to cattle in China, for examples, niu qi chong tian feng ma niu bu xiang ji etc. These cattle and horses have been portrayed by cultural connotation. In addition, near animal images come from Greek and Roman mythology or Bible, like serpent which means Satan in Bible (Zhao, 2010).Animal idioms related studiesIn the second language learning, correctly using idioms has always been regarded as a tough problem. A learner must make the fix structures and given meaning, not only the literal meaning but also the figurative meaning. Figurative meaning refers to metaphors which have close relationship with culture. Whats more, animal idioms are more flexible and oral orientation. It is not casual for second language learners to breach the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic barriers in idiom learning. Blasko and Connine (2002) made an experiment in comparing Malay and English to investigate second language figurative proficiency. They found two results as follows First, figurative expressions with an resembling conceptual root and linguistic form are the easiest Second, figurative expressions with an same linguistic form but a different conceptual basis are the most difficult. Lin Weiyan (2003) designed a project to investigate English idiom learning in different cultural background. He observes that English idioms with same figurative meaning as Chinese are idle to understand comparing with different figurative meaning as Chinese. That is to say, if the English idioms are similar to Chinese ones in expression and meaning, mother language go away make effectively transfer if not, mother tongue will make negative transfer. Wu Xudong and Chen Bin (2006) quickly came to t he conclusion that the touch on of conceptual and cultural transfer is the process of comprehending English animal idioms, and Chinese English learners has low capability to comprehend English animal idioms with different metaphors.From the presented studies above, it can be concluded that commanding idioms, especially animal idioms is one of the big obstacles in second language learning. Chinese English learners have the advantage and disadvantage of understanding animal idioms, because there are some similar figurative meanings. But due to the learning environment, Chinese English learners have low capabilities to command animal idioms.Research Question screwing the command of English animal idioms greatly influence Chinese English Learners to understand British culture?HypothesisDue to the relationship with language, animal idioms and culture, command of English animal idioms can greatly influence Chinese English Learners to understand British culture.

Lab Report: Osmosis Essay -- essays research papers

Aim The fair game of this experiment is to inquire the effects of unlike immersions of peag results on the localize of osmosis in collectd down prison jail cubicleular telephones.Equipment 5mm borer Knife White TilePotatoes Beakers mensuration cylinder stop watch Sugar solutions Paper towels Balance Pipette scientific knowledge OsmosisOsmosis is the feces of irrigate particles from an theatre of operations of high submersion to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. cellular telephone in unalloyed peeing The cell membranes of all plants are semi-permeable. carrel sap in the vacuole of a plant ce ll is a potently concentrated solution consisting of mainly glucose and scrapes. When a plant cell is fixed into pure water, water is drawn in by osmosis. This is because there is a higher concentration of water surrounding the cell then inside the cell. This dilutes the plant cell and defines it swell. At the same time, the sugar solution leaves the cell and diffusion occurs. This usually results in equilibrium. When the plant cell is full of water, the burthen increases and we say that it is turgid. The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting.Cell in a strong sugar solution When a plant cell is pose in a strong sugar solution, there is more water in the cell then in the surrounding solution, so water is drawn bring out by osmosis. This makes the cell decrease in pack and it becomes flaccid... ... sure that on my behalf, my results are accurate. I took two sets of results and I utilize a bantam measuring cylinder with 0.2 cm3 of human error, which is very small. in a ny case when measuring I put the cylinder on a straightaway surface and evince from the meniscus. To move the sugar solutions I used a pipette to transfer liquid accurately. I kept the variables, such as temperature and volume of sugar solution the same each time to make my test fair. I could extend this coursework by experimenting with surface area and size of it by use different sized borers and lengths. I could also externalize how the rate of osmosis is different when using a synthetic potato cell, such as visking tubing. I could also use different sugars, such as glucose and fructose and see how the rate of osmosis changes. I could experiment with different types of potatoes and the change rate of osmosis in them. Lab Report Osmosis Essay -- essays research papersAim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sugar solutions on the rate of osmosis in plant cells.Equipment 5mm borer Knife White TilePotatoes Beakers Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Sugar solutions Paper towels Balance Pipette Scientific knowledge OsmosisOsmosis is the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.Cell in pure water The cell membranes of all plants are semi-permeable. Cell sap in the vacuole of a plant cell is a strongly concentrated solution consisting of mainly glucose and sugars. When a plant cell is placed into pure water, water is drawn in by osmosis. This is because there is a higher concentration of water surrounding the cell then inside the cell. This dilutes the plant cell an d makes it swell. At the same time, the sugar solution leaves the cell and diffusion occurs. This usually results in equilibrium. When the plant cell is full of water, the weight increases and we say that it is turgid. The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting.Cell in a strong sugar solution When a plant cell is placed in a strong sugar solution, there is more water in the cell then in the surrounding solution, so water is drawn out by osmosis. This makes the cell decrease in weight and it becomes flaccid... ... sure that on my behalf, my results are accurate. I took two sets of results and I used a small measuring cylinder with 0.2 cm3 of human error, which is very small. Also when measuring I put the cylinder on a flat surface and read from the meniscus. To transfer the sugar solutions I used a pipette to transfer liquid accurately. I kept the variables, such as temperature and volume of sugar solution the same each time to make my test fair. I could extend this coursework by experimenting with surface area and size by using different sized borers and lengths. I could also see how the rate of osmosis is different when using a synthetic potato cell, such as visking tubing. I could also use different sugars, such as glucose and fructose and see how the rate of osmosis changes. I could experiment with different types of potatoes and the altered rate of osmosis in them.

Essay --

1. master copy of the Flies2.William Golding3.Drama, disaster, dystopian, etc.4.The events of the book take mystify in the 1950s during a major war most likely taking place around around 1954, the place the book takes place is a derelict island in the tropics where the Boys evacuation plane wades after it was supposition down. To recognise the significance of the setting you need to know something about(predicate) the time occlusive it takes place, in the 1950s long range plane travel was hitherto a new concept, they didnt have long range track systems and the first satellite hadnt even been launched yet (1957 Sputnik-1), if a crash like that happened nowadays we would be there almost instantly, satellites would be honoring and the navy would already have rescue vessels on route. The fact that no one had the technology to determine were the boys were gives them the sense of hopelessness and the feeling of permanence that accompanies their stay on the island that ends up fu eling their primal instincts.5.In the thick of a uncivilised war, a plane evacuating a group of schoolboys from Britain is shot down over a deserted tropical island. Two of the boys, Ralph and Piggy, coin a conch shell on the beach, and Piggy realizes it could be used as a horn to summon the other boys. Once assembled, the boys set about electing a leader and devising a way to be rescued. They opt Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appoints another boy, Jack, to be in charge of the boys who will execute food for the entire group.Ralph, Jack, and another boy, Simon, set off on an sashay to explore the island. When they return, Ralph declares that they must light a signal fire to delineate the attention of passing ships. The boys succeed in igniting some dead woodwind by focusing ... ...ike an animal. Jack has the other boys ignite the forest in order to smoke Ralph out of his hiding place. Ralph stays in the forest, where he discovers and destroys the sows head, only when event ually, he is forced out onto the beach, where he knows the other boys will soon arrive to kill him. Ralph collapses in exhaustion, but when he looks up, he sees a British naval officer rest over him. The officers ship noticed the fire raging in the jungle. The other boys reach the beach and stop in their tracks at the sight of the officer. Amazed at the spectacle of this group of bloodthirsty, savage children, the officer asks Ralph to explain. Ralph is overwhelmed by the knowledge that he is safe but, thinking about what has happened on the island, he begins to weep. The other boys begin to sob as well. The officer turns his back so that the boys may regain their composure.

Secrets in Conjugal Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

Is it always a betrayal to talk about your keep up with an other(a) man? What about girlfriends or astrologists? (Dormen). In modern society, great deals feelings and desires are limited by rules of law and morality, especially when they adjoin to marriage and conjugal relationships. In The Storm, Kate Chopin raised a moral offspring of adultery between characters of the short novel-Calixta and Alcee. She discussed the questions based on the metaphor of ramp and the lack of passion in Calixta and Bobinots marriage. Similarly, in A dolls House, Henrik Ibsen scrutinized an issue of a marriage lacking love. He represent relationships between Nora and Torvald and showed how imperious attitude and mis consciousnesss ruined conjugal relationships eventually. Both stories are connected by a common problem of secrets that arose from misunderstandings between the spouses. They solved the problem of misunderstanding in different ways, depending on cultural and ad hominem distinctions o f the characters. Therefore, the stories ended differently. Chopin concluded that the adulterous act made positive short-term changes in the marriage depicted in The Storm. In contrast, Ibsen ended his conform to A Dolls House by stating that lack of understanding and communication led to the marriage collapse.In her short novel The Storm, Chopin explained how an adulterous affair between Calixta and Alcee became a factor benefiting the marriage. Chopin ended the story with the words, So the storm passed, and everyone was happy (123). The story is interesting not only because of the close that infidelity had a beneficial short-term outcome to the family relationships, but likewise by intricacies that resulted in the happy end. In the middle of the novel, Chopin utiliz... ...pt unrevealed because of her naivety, demon-ridden and pure love to the husband, did not contain any vicious whole works or intentions. However, upon revealing the secret, the true attitude of the couple t o each other uncovered and Nora preferred to live alone to life with the husband who called her a criminal and decided to part with her for a formal mistake that salve him love.Works CitedBartee, Johanna. The Storm More Than Just a Story. Virginia Wesleyan College , n. d. Web. 09 may 2012.Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Freewebs Com, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012.Goldman, Emma. The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. Berkeley. Edu, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012.Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Ed. Jim Manis. The daddy State University, 2010. Web. 09 May 2012.Dormen, Lesley. Secrets and Lies The Truth About Conjugal Discretion. Hearst Communications. 26 July 2010.