All My Sons By Author Miller - Discuss the ways in which the characters

All My Sons By Author Miller - treat the ways in which the characters of Joe and Chris are presented in the play. mitigate. Go onto hash out how a clash between them is inevitable.1. Discuss the ways in which the characters of Joe and Chris are presented in the play. mitigate2. Go onto discuss how a clash between them is inevitable.3. Discuss how the clash arises from the difference in their values.As the play progresses, the characteristics, personality and values ofboth Joe and Chris Keller are revea lead slowly. At the beginning, Joeis described as a rather favourite cosmos who is sociable and respectedamong his friends. He enjoys spending time with his neighbors. He issuccessful in his business he gives us an impression of a pragmatic,self-made, man among men. He is described as a good husband and aloving, sensible father. He cares about his family and puts them at ahigh priority.However, his lack in education and a peasant- standardized common senseresulted in his minimal insight and judgment of the world and thethings around him. Although he is not very bright, he is preferably frankabout it and willing to admit it which is shown in a dialogue betweenJoe Keller and Frank Lubey where Joe casually proclaimes When youlook at a page like this you realize how ignorant you are when he wasreading the newspaper. From what he said, it also suggests that he isalso somewhat defensive about it.His personality also led to much admiration from his friends andfamily. At one point, Chris even made a nickname for his father,calling him Joe McGuts This shows that he is still well respectedafter the melodramatic indecent with the cracked cylinder heads and howother still think he pulled a fas... ...ight fail and collapse and all his hard workdevoted on saving the business for his sons would be ruined. He feltthat it was the right thing to do he does not believe he was guiltyin every way. He also felt that everybody else worked for a profitduring the war and thought that he ought to as well. The business isthe furthest his mind could see. The lives of 21 men meant small tohim when it comes to the business. The conscience of what has had donewasnt there, it was real to him. Joe did not realize how the attitudethat he adopted would have such a large impact on Chris.Chris was all told shocked by his fathers doings. It violated hisprinciples and beliefs altruism and selflessness. He became confusedand failed to know what to do with his father. This shattered alltrust and bonding between father and son, he failed to close his eyeson guilt.

Irish Bagpipes (Brian Boru pipe) :: essays research papers

Irish Bagpipes (Brian Boru pipe)The bagpipes have been a huge part of Irish music for many a(prenominal) years. at present the bagpipe is synonymous with Scotland, but the pipes really came from Ireland. The earliest bag pipes date back to 4000 B.C. in the Middle East, where a bagpipe is found in Chaldean sculptures. This try out shows it is ancient, surely as old as the harp and nearly as old as the drum. Greeks, Egyptians and Romans all marched to the sound of the pipes to battle.As for Ireland, a seventh-century account at the castling of Da Derg in Bohernabreena, County Dublin, lists people who came to pay homage to King Conaire the spectacular in 35 B.C., tells of nine pipers who came from the fairy hills of Bregia (County Meath), "the best pipe-players in the satisfying world," who argon listed by work as Bind, Robind, Riarbind, Sihe, Dibe, Deicrind, Umal, Cumal & Ciallglind. The bagpipe was even given place in the Brehan Laws of the 400s. Here it is called the cuisle, meaning "the pulse," being a reference to the tide rip pulse rate through ones veins. Its also in reference to the hum that comes from the drones. At the great Feis held at Tara, the pipers occupied a prominent position. The pipes (called a cuisleannoch) were one of the prefer instruments vote out to the last Feis that was presided over by King Dermot MacFergus in 560 A.D., there after Taras Halls were silent.After the Irish embraced Christianity, the bagpipe was used in church service to meet the devoted chant or as a solo instrument. Depicted in one of the panels on the High Cross of Clonmacnois (dated about 910 AD) is a sculpture of a man playing a bagpipe standing on two cats. It is clear that the bagpipe existed in Ireland long before Scotland. The bagpipe is believed to have made its way to Scotland with the Dalradians upon their exodus from County Antrim crossways the Irish Sea at about 470 A.D., when Prince Fergus MacErc lead his clan in the invas ion of the lands of the Picts at present Argyle. The difference in the Scottish and Irish bagpipe is their name and the number of drones. The Scottish refer to their bagpipe as "the Great Highland Bagpipe," which today has three drones one bass and two tenor. The Irish call theirs "the Great Irish Warpipe," which has two drones one bass and one tenor.Irish Bagpipes (Brian Boru pipe) essays research papers Irish Bagpipes (Brian Boru pipe)The bagpipes have been a huge part of Irish music for many years. Today the bagpipe is synonymous with Scotland, but the pipes really came from Ireland. The earliest bag pipes date back to 4000 B.C. in the Middle East, where a bagpipe is found in Chaldean sculptures. This evidence shows it is ancient, certainly as old as the harp and nearly as old as the drum. Greeks, Egyptians and Romans all marched to the sound of the pipes to battle.As for Ireland, a seventh-century account at the palace of Da Derg in Bohernabreena, County Dubli n, lists people who came to pay homage to King Conaire the Great in 35 B.C., tells of nine pipers who came from the fairy hills of Bregia (County Meath), "the best pipe-players in the whole world," who are listed by name as Bind, Robind, Riarbind, Sihe, Dibe, Deicrind, Umal, Cumal & Ciallglind. The bagpipe was even given place in the Brehan Laws of the 400s. Here it is called the cuisle, meaning "the pulse," being a reference to the blood pulsing through ones veins. Its also in reference to the hum that comes from the drones. At the great Feis held at Tara, the pipers occupied a prominent position. The pipes (called a cuisleannoch) were one of the favored instruments down to the last Feis that was presided over by King Dermot MacFergus in 560 A.D., there after Taras Halls were silent.After the Irish embraced Christianity, the bagpipe was used in church service to sustain the sacred chant or as a solo instrument. Depicted in one of the panels on the High Cross of C lonmacnois (dated about 910 AD) is a sculpture of a man playing a bagpipe standing on two cats. It is clear that the bagpipe existed in Ireland long before Scotland. The bagpipe is believed to have made its way to Scotland with the Dalradians upon their exodus from County Antrim across the Irish Sea at about 470 A.D., when Prince Fergus MacErc lead his clan in the invasion of the lands of the Picts at present Argyle. The difference in the Scottish and Irish bagpipe is their name and the number of drones. The Scottish refer to their bagpipe as "the Great Highland Bagpipe," which today has three drones one bass and two tenor. The Irish call theirs "the Great Irish Warpipe," which has two drones one bass and one tenor.

Gypsies Essay -- essays research papers

Gypsies The last nomads, the free-spirited, passionate bohemians with their mysterious rituals and powers. This romanticism is nearly as unfair as the fear and hate distracting us from recognizing the hardships and persecution these carefree muckle have underg ace for centuries. In Europe, the Roma (as they wish to be call) have been cast out, burned at the stake, sterilized, ghettoized, strained to give up their traditional way of life, caught in other peoples wars, and more than half a million were slaughtered in the Holocaust.Roma bad luck can be attributed to the vicious cycle of poverty that paralyzes so many minorities situated in an unforgiving society. This cycle of poverty began and still lives today payable to the discrimination that the Roma face because of, among other things, their skin color and unorthodox ways of making a living. Through out history the largest complaint closely the Roma, however, has been their wandering lifestyle. What is interesting though, is that the Rom are no longer nomads. The few that do move from place to place are migrant and are compel across boarders by the very authorities that complain about their way of life. While some sources speculate that gypsies originally migrated from Egypt, it is usually agreed upon by more or less scholars that the gypsies came from India to Eastern Europe about a thousand years ago. The true reason for this move remains a mystery but many theories exist that they my have moved as a result of changes in the government, the economic situation or perhaps they have always been wonderers. Whatever the reason for their move, we allow for probably never know the truth. One capital of Italy lady learned during her childhood that We were being punished for stealing the fourth nail that was needed in Christs crucifixion. Thats why his feet are crossed and nailed together. We were forced into wondering for taking this nail. Whether gypsies were responsible for Christs missing nail one thi ng is certain the gypsys dark Indian skin has made them the subject of ridicule for centuries for it has been a European tradition to detest the non-ayrean. The Iranian poet Firdausi is said to have written, No washing ever whitens the black gypsy. Even at bottom religion the gypsies are not free from contempt. In his writings a German monk described gypsies as having the most ugly faces, black like those of Tartars. A... ... in the making, most of the Roma feel that to exist in a ghetto is preferable to expulsion.As with non-European citizens in Italy, Roma have been given the label of extraexcommunitari, meaning they come from outside of the European Union, although most Roma have lived within the Union all their lives. The reason for this title is because the government still considers them nomadic. Not even my grandfather was part of the traveling culture, say Luigi Lusi a Rom. It is obvious that we no longer harness up the horse and move from place to place daily, he continue d. Forcing gypsies to integrate has always failed because it is impossible to force a group of people who have spent their entire lives on the fringes of society to adapt to new nurtureal and social environments, especially when they are very poor. Aside from their dark skin, the gypsy life that many Europeans find distasteful stems almost completely from the poverty that they have forced the gypsies into. The government will never receive their desired results from education programs and housing projects unless the deeply rooted discrimination against the Roma stopssomething that will be very difficult to undo.

Abortion - Views from Both Sides Essay -- Social Issues

Abortion - Views from Both SidesAbortion is the ending of pregnancy before cause and is morally wrong. An abortion results in the death of an embryo or a fetus. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and is illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, homo atomic number 18 hurting themselves they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is very simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between near and wrong. Murder is wrong so why isnt abortion? People argue that it is not murder since the fetus being destroyed is not living, respire and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? The important purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One cl ear of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. other form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The re...

Role of UNICEF and the International Labour Organization in the Working

Introduction This paper deals with the role of transnational actors like UNICEF and the internationalistic Labour Organization (ILO) in the working childrens movement. It examines the role of development communication in empowering working children, and its impact on the movement. The paper begins with a draft introduction to development, linking it with issues concerning working children. It then goes into a brief overview of UNICEF and the ILO, and talks about the role of each in the international working childrens movement. It evaluates one design executed by each of the governing bodys in dealing with a development situation, in terms of intent and purpose, policies and procedures, obstacles faced, and the outcome of each effort. I then pass my critique of strategies followed by both actors and my conclusion from this comparative analysis regarding the effectiveness of each actor. As this is a topic that has been of concern to me for a while, this analysis migh tiness appear to be a bit subjective to the reader, but I have tried to bear in mind objectivity, and did extensive research on both organizations to make sure that I was looking at a wide enough body of work. The research consists mainly of information I nominate on both websites as well as a few books and journal articles. It also comes from the first hand experience of a non-profit organization that whole kit with issues concerning working children, who have worked closely with the ILO and the United Nations. A transnational actor can be defined as a person, business or organization that operates across borders and has some impact on world societies and environments. It became app atomic number 18nt to me as I was doing my research that transnational actors often have admirable... ...tion to make sure the projects are meeting their goals. There needs to be constant monitoring of each new venture undertaken. Detailed evaluations of current projects and research for new strategi es in ordinate of older unsuccessful ones are essential, to make plans better cater to the needs of the children. Lastly I think there needs to be increased disposal and non-profit participation, and involvement of the children, to remove about the best kind of development. From a development communication standpoint, I think the ILO manages to utilize the most optimum model to bring about progress and change the status quo, wehreas this is largely lacking in UNICEFs approach. BIBLIOGRAPHYMoemeka, Andrew. Development Communication in Action. University Press of America, 2000.www.unic.org.in/devsup13may.htmwww.unicef.orgwww.ilo.org

Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby Vroom :: Music

Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby VroomRock works on many a(prenominal) levels as a shared enthusiasm,public entertainment, common experience, but alsoas secret fantasy, private escape, a personal obsession Jim moth miller Floresent lights splash across the sea of bouncing bodies and swirling appendages. on occasion a strobe awakes from its narcoleptic slumber to wink at the nocturnal nation cavort across fog flooded floors. I sit in the shadows. I am an island ( not in the geographical formation sense, but rather in the Simon and Garfunkle sense). symphony seems so tainted its freshness extracted by the incestuous industry. Get an acclaimed producer, and make a video to show how pretty your streak is. Become a fretful lesbian folk singer professing distrustful prophesies with an acoustic ax, a violent criminal that uses his vehemence as an art form, a diva whose go to sleep songs are darker than her exposed panties, or perhaps a greasy haired bar-chord master with a chip o n his shoulder and a heroin needle in his arm proclaiming how hard life is in suburbia. at that place must be something new in rocks tepid arena, and not just another underground belong that is this weeks salt-lick style. at that place must be a band out there in the very nucleus of pop music that volition not take its precious history and trick it away. That will endure to stand on its shoulders, understand it and explore its depths to form new music (Percy 49). There must be a band that has a lead singer who wrote a poem about Neil Young vomiting, and then had the audacity to name the band after it (Park). There is. This is Soul Coughing.Seeking cling to from the neon disco aerie, I float into the leaf thatched shack of the Casiotone Cantina. Clans of Muppet dancing hybrids convulse to the sounds of freak slam sugar free of course. The rest of the clientele, stupefied, look bosie ball eyed into their empty beakers. An intoxicated, but not completely drunk, man offers me a velvet crush. He is a bit shifty looking, with his blue eyes and scraggy tie, so despite my thirst I decline. Besides, Im underage I wouldnt breathing in of drinking alcohol. His name is Moon Sammy and he hands me a card for The Peoples Republic of Lumps in My Oatmeal(PRLMO). He tells me he is on the run. He crashed a plane into the Chrysler building, and now a Mr.Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby Vroom MusicSoul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby VroomRock works on many levels as a shared enthusiasm,public entertainment, communal experience, but alsoas secret fantasy, private escape, a personal obsession Jim Miller Floresent lights splash across the sea of bouncing bodies and swirling appendages.Occasionally a strobe awakes from its narcoleptic slumber to wink at the nocturnal nation cavort across fog flooded floors. I sit in the shadows. I am an island ( not in the geographical formation sense, but rather in the Simon and Garfunkle sense). Music seems so tainted its freshness e xtracted by the incestuous industry. Get an acclaimed producer, and make a video to show how pretty your band is. Become a whiney lesbian folk singer professing cynical prophesies with an acoustic ax, a violent criminal that uses his vehemence as an art form, a diva whose love songs are darker than her exposed panties, or perhaps a greasy haired bar-chord master with a chip on his shoulder and a heroin needle in his arm proclaiming how hard life is in suburbia. There must be something new in rocks tepid arena, and not just another underground sound that is this weeks salt-lick style. There must be a band out there in the very nucleus of pop music that will not take its precious history and throw it away. That will endure to stand on its shoulders, understand it and explore its depths to form new music (Percy 49). There must be a band that has a lead singer who wrote a poem about Neil Young vomiting, and then had the audacity to name the band after it (Park). There is. This is Soul C oughing.Seeking shelter from the neon disco aerie, I float into the leaf thatched shack of the Casiotone Cantina. Clans of Muppet dancing hybrids convulse to the sounds of freak jazz sugar free of course. The rest of the clientele, stupefied, look googly eyed into their empty beakers. An intoxicated, but not completely drunk, man offers me a velvet crush. He is a bit shifty looking, with his blue eyes and skinny tie, so despite my thirst I decline. Besides, Im underage I wouldnt dream of drinking alcohol. His name is Moon Sammy and he hands me a card for The Peoples Republic of Lumps in My Oatmeal(PRLMO). He tells me he is on the run. He crashed a plane into the Chrysler building, and now a Mr.

Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby Vroom :: Music

Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby howlRock works on universey levels as a sh ard enthusiasm,public entertainment, communal experience, but alsoas secret fantasy, semiprivate escape, a personal obsession Jim Miller Floresent lights sparge across the sea of bouncing bodies and swirling appendages.Occasionally a strobe awakes from its narcoleptic slumber to wink at the nocturnal nation cavort across fuzziness flooded floors. I sit in the shadows. I am an island ( not in the geographical makeup sense, but rather in the Simon and Garfunkle sense). Music seems so tainted its freshness extracted by the incestuous industry. Get an acclaimed producer, and make a video to show how charming your band is. Become a whiney lesbian folk singer professing cynical prophesies with an acoustic ax, a violent criminal that uses his vehemence as an art form, a diva whose love songs are darker than her exposed panties, or perhaps a greasy haired bar-chord master with a chip on his bring up and a h eroin needle in his fort proclaiming how hard life is in suburbia. There must be something new in rocks tepid arena, and not just another underground sound that is this hebdomads salt-lick style. There must be a band out there in the real nucleus of pop music that will not take its precious history and throw it away. That will endure to stand on its shoulders, understand it and explore its depths to form new music (Percy 49). There must be a band that has a lead singer who wrote a poem about Neil teenage vomiting, and then had the audacity to name the band subsequently it (Park). There is. This is Soul Coughing.Seeking shelter from the neon disco aerie, I float into the leaf thatched dog of the Casiotone Cantina. Clans of Muppet dancing hybrids convulse to the sounds of freak jazz boodle free of course. The rest of the clientele, stupefied, look googly eyed into their empty beakers. An intoxicated, but not completely drunk, man offers me a velvet crush. He is a atomic numb er 42 shifty looking, with his blue eyes and skinny tie, so despite my thirst I decline. Besides, Im underage I wouldnt dream of drunkenness alcohol. His name is Moon Sammy and he hands me a card for The Peoples Republic of Lumps in My Oatmeal(PRLMO). He tells me he is on the run. He crashed a plane into the Chrysler building, and now a Mr.Soul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby Vroom MusicSoul Coughing - The Songs on Ruby VroomRock works on many levels as a shared enthusiasm,public entertainment, communal experience, but alsoas secret fantasy, private escape, a personal obsession Jim Miller Floresent lights splash across the sea of bouncing bodies and swirling appendages.Occasionally a strobe awakes from its narcoleptic slumber to wink at the nocturnal nation cavort across fog flooded floors. I sit in the shadows. I am an island ( not in the geographical formation sense, but rather in the Simon and Garfunkle sense). Music seems so tainted its freshness extracted by the incestuous i ndustry. Get an acclaimed producer, and make a video to show how pretty your band is. Become a whiney lesbian folk singer professing cynical prophesies with an acoustic ax, a violent criminal that uses his vehemence as an art form, a diva whose love songs are darker than her exposed panties, or perhaps a greasy haired bar-chord master with a chip on his shoulder and a heroin needle in his arm proclaiming how hard life is in suburbia. There must be something new in rocks tepid arena, and not just another underground sound that is this weeks salt-lick style. There must be a band out there in the very nucleus of pop music that will not take its precious history and throw it away. That will endure to stand on its shoulders, understand it and explore its depths to form new music (Percy 49). There must be a band that has a lead singer who wrote a poem about Neil Young vomiting, and then had the audacity to name the band after it (Park). There is. This is Soul Coughing.Seeking shelter from the neon disco aerie, I float into the leaf thatched shack of the Casiotone Cantina. Clans of Muppet dancing hybrids convulse to the sounds of freak jazz sugar free of course. The rest of the clientele, stupefied, look googly eyed into their empty beakers. An intoxicated, but not completely drunk, man offers me a velvet crush. He is a bit shifty looking, with his blue eyes and skinny tie, so despite my thirst I decline. Besides, Im underage I wouldnt dream of drinking alcohol. His name is Moon Sammy and he hands me a card for The Peoples Republic of Lumps in My Oatmeal(PRLMO). He tells me he is on the run. He crashed a plane into the Chrysler building, and now a Mr.

Release Me Inc. “Embrace Them”

INTRODUCTION The Criminal justice system in the US is very strong and effective. The system not leaves the criminals just it did not address welf be of the dependants and family members of such criminals. Ultimately the family members would become main victims. The family members would loose education, health, social matters etc. Even the criminals coming outside after put under from jail, they lack support from the society. In order to address and providing rehabilitation services, the Release Me Inc.established to loan the changes in lives of such somebodys including juveniles and released persons from jail.Release Me Inc known as RMI nominates assistance to those people are separated from the system with the effect of criminal justice system so that they may connect with society to lead normal deportment. The assistance of RMI may be in the shape of providing legal help, offer education and vocational skills, health care etc. The operational activities of the RMI presently li mited to New York but it is plan to extend the operations to other states as well within five years. To work more effectively, the NGO desire to become partner of the global NGO union i.e. Non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations. Besides the other the following services offered by the RMIJUVENILES The individuals who are charge under the age of 18 called as juveniles and as they are not treated as adults but trials made in juvenile courts. Rehabilitation services should be provided to such juveniles in order to prevent them from committing additional offences by providing other options and skills by RMI. The services are Conducting with local attorney or related childs probation offer in order getting the elaborate policies of selective state and country. Contacting country government to know the rehabilitation options available and access the state or local government web sites, which will be helpful information on rehabilitation policy.Contacting othe r local social services agencies, legal aid agencies for sharing of information and to access of useful information. adoption of counseling for the juvenile and adult addressing the core issues of unlawful behavior and rehabilitation process. In case still not satisfied with the rehabilitation process, the RMI will attack national advocacy groups such as American Civil Liberties Union for offering adequate rehabilitation options.OTHER PERSONS Providing legal help with the help of achievable laws and tries to bring them out as early as possible. Providing medical assistance to the family members Providing education facilities to the children. Conducting of frequent confluences with the pris mavinrs and family members to increase moral support among them. To achieve the objectives and goals of the organization, the RMI addresses the following methodsConducting monthly meetings with residential district originations, political leaders, business owners and members of the community t o exchange the more information. The organization withal arranges meetings with the incarcerated men, women, juveniles and their families in order to discuss the challenges. Finally feedback will be taken and possible solutions will be searched out. All these efforts would be initiated by the group of lawyers belongs to various familiar institutions. Besides the organization to a fault takes volunteer helps to achieve the organization goals.The RMI also recruits the tutors from the Ready program, local high schools, and colleges to give assistance to the juveniles and adults members to increase educational skills. For better facilitation, the RMI become the representative of Economic Development center every Tuesday for big assistance for enhance economic stability.VISION STATEMENT spate statement is the best possible core. The blueprint of the vision statement is to inspire, energize, motivate and stimulate the creativity, which is linked with the objectives and goals. The Vis ion statement should be a emotional. The visions statements prepared with inner or outer vision. The inner vision statement refers the internal thoughts, emotions and feelings, whereas outer vision statement expresses the prospective goal of the organization. The vision statement required to be updated jibe to the long-term objectives and goals of the organization. Quarterly review also recommended so that the vision statement is still describing the outcome of the desired output. Vision statement is a strategic plan and blue print of the organizations work.RMI works with a vision to bring the change among the persons who incur badly effected with the criminal justice systems. The persons include prisoners, juveniles who have come out from jail or dependants or family members of such prisoners. When the prisoners are not inside the society, the care of dependants or family members would be undertaken to some extent by the RMI, which is a non-profit organization.MISSION STATEMENT Mission statement is a brief statement of organization. It includes the guideword also. The intention of a heraldic bearing statement is to keep the related members and users with the aware of organizations purpose. The mission statement should include the purpose and values of the organization. The old interest of the members should be addressed in the mission statement. Every Non profit organization must have mission statement. It describes the use and purpose of the organizational goals.Normally when the person goes to the jail, the individual or family members of such criminal will be separated from the society. The normal life of the family members of such criminal disturbed thereby growth of the family stop and even their minimum needs also would be insufficient. As separated from the society, no help or assistance permitted by the society. At this juncture, the RMI provides the assistance to the persons so that they can give reentry into the society to lead the better life .NEEDS STATEMENT It is evidently noticed that the repetition of crimes and the crime rate is increased more and more thereby so many persons were under custody in New York. Even the New York becomes highest county out of six counties, which has increased prison rate. As a nonprofit organization with social obligation with the society, the Release me Inc recognized the needs of such persons. At this situation, the interference and role of non-profit organization is more to bring normal life to the persons those who have lost, which was linked with criminal justice system.ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS Goal is the organizations indicates output results of the organization. Goals are connected with the systematic plans. Goals may be short-term or long term goals. The RMI has set of goals, which provides assistance to the needy persons who have been affected with the criminal justice system. indeed RMI think to provide assistance with initial direct such as offering assistance legal help eith er it may be civil, criminal or other family matters. It also offers education and vocational skills to the persons so that they will have their independence. The RMI also provides healthcare assistance to the persons or their family members.ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES The RMI planned to provide the assistance for 200 men, 100 women and 75 juveniles per year. The assistance extends to the family members also. The RMI also undertakes to provide assistance with 250 legal cases per year. It offers advocacy with 20 DYFS cases per year. DYFS is Division of Youth and Family Services, a child welfare agency within Department of Children and Families. DYFS is such mission to ensure the safety, permanency of children and to support families.Besides the RMI targeted to provide high school diploma or GED classes to 150 members per quarter. The objectives include providing psychological assistance to 25 members per quarter, providing 100 scanty physical and HIV testing per month, communications with employers to develop employment etc. To have better performance, RMC conducts monthly meetings with community organizations, political leaders, business owners and members of previously incarcerated persons. The RMI also have lawyers belongs to famous institutions who are from Rutgers University Law School, Seton Hall University law School, etc. Besides some volunteer lawyers also provide assistance to the RMI. The monthly meeting focuses on rehabilitation programs.ORGANIZATIONAL TIMELINE Internal operations timeline Since RMI is new and nonprofit organization, it requires establishment of name and logo for the organization. Hence the RMI planned to complete the establishment of name and logo of the organization within the first quarter of the 1st year and first month. For this name is already decided, but still log design is required. For logo design, the RMI should have various samples of other organization. The Logo should also contain the meaningful word. During the first month, the RMI has also to design such as Mission statement, vision statement, definition of the organization, and appointment of Board of Directors etc. preliminary basic requirements such as Articles of incorporation, by-laws of the organization etc are planned to complete within the first quarter.After completion of the basic steps the first Board of Directors meeting should be conducted to finalize and approve the Mission Statement, Vision statement and objectives. Because mere framing of policies are not enough, these should be sanction by Board of Directors of the organization. Besides filing of the copies under 501 (3) are also planned during the 2md month of 1st quarter. After completion of all these formalities, the origination becomes into human beings and it should create new platform to interact with the related agencies for sharing of the information and getting expertised. For this the RMI should contact with local agencies, educational institutions and political leaders etc. during the trio month of first quarter.Services provision timeline Providing the services according to the goals and objectives of the organization, funds are required to the organization. During the 2nd quarter, it has to create a fundraising plan. During the year 2008, the RMI estimated with the Net assets of $55,000 with the liabilities of $30,000. Accordingly it has to create of fundraising plan in order meet the expenditure. After creation fundraising plan, marketing techniques are to resorted. The next step is to approach the Division of Children ad Families for identification purpose and should take the details of the persons of the needy persons. It should be done in the 2nd quarter. During this period, the RMI should also contact the Essex County Economic Development Center for having better facilitation and exchange the ideas to provide more assistance to the victims. All these are planned to complete by the 4th month. In the month of five, productivity plan for five years should be designed.Getting of feedback from various sides such as community organization, political leaders are done during the 5th month. Whatever the information, it may be communicated to the local jails and prisons to have interaction. then(prenominal) the work will be started in the sixth month. The grant opportunities should be researched during the 7the month. Because the RMI individually cannot help, it has to seek the help or assistance from the local institutions or government. Hence more concentration is required on grants research. The fund raising techniques should be finalized and should be implemented. With the available funds, the organization starts communicating with the community. Preparation of commercials and radio broadcasting planned for 7th month. Thereafter the RMI approaches to the State and local government after such advertising for getting grants. It will also apply for approval of non-profit status.After completion one month i.e. in the ninth month, board of directors meeting should be conducted and to discuss with the responses of any grants. If any responses from the grants should be discussed in the board meeting in the social club month. After finalization of grants, preparation of applications for members should be decided. In the tenth month first fund rising event should be described and implemented according to the schedule or programme. Until the construction is completed, the members should be sent to the public library during the eleventh month. At the end of the year i.e. in twelfth month, the agency expression should be established, where the members can meet.

The Exploitation Of Natural Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the past decennary the important resurgence of trade satisfactory m championtary values, the inflating financial value of crude oil mental imagerys, and the turning political instability in many of the oil bring forthing parts of the universe, has led to a renewed involvement in the emergence of natural resources, with thrust security at the head of many international political docket. The oil and plasholene industries argon expected to stay the dominant supply providers worldwide for the following 30 old ages, and presently supplies 62 per centum of the universes energy demand. This per centum is expected to increase to around 67 per centum by 2030, despite a move towards renewable resources, as the addition in demand continues to turn at gait Schriffin and Bisat 2004, pp 267 . Trans National Corporations ( TNCs ) are puting to a great extent in these energy industries, and there is great possible for developing states to capitalize on the new sparing chances and development chances that oil and shove along geographic expedition may convey. The increased export grosss and an gap to worldwide markets, each position good as increased employment, instruction, and even the modernization of theme ass dish up a state grow and expand and break free of a subsistence being. Despite these chances, these states must in any event guarantee that they are besides progressively cognizant of the possible inauspicious effects associated with resource extraction UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 81 . The oil and gas sector is the bloom capitalistic industry, and investing and policy determinations are perfectly important to guarantee that any development is good on all foreparts. This is critical in guaranting that the foresightful term hereafter of the force nature is assured and unafraid, and that there are no long permanent negative effects Babusiaux 2007, pp 219 . TNC geographic expedition and development of oil and gas resources can hold p ositive effects, and any complete appraisal needs to engender into history the possible deduction of affecting TNCs in the procedure across a broad scope of factors.Economic impactsThere are assorted economic impacts from TNC combat in developing oil and gas militias in an developing state. In developing their ain natural resources, developing states can confront restraints with regard to things like capital and impertinent exchange, proficient and managerial capablenesss, and entree to markets and distribution channels UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 129 . The engagement of TNCs can sometimes be a manner for developing states to get the die of these restraints. The other statement is that TNC engagement merely exacerbates these jobs. In seeking to efficaciously measuring these statements we need to thoroughly measure both direct and indirect economic factors that are produced as a consequence of TNC investings.Direct Economic ImpactsWhen TNCs invest in oil and gas develop ment, they are puting in an industry that requires engagement throughout the supply concatenation. At a national degree constructing the foundations of a successful oil and gas industry can be one million millions and one million millions of dollars ( investing in local undertakings such as the Minera Escondida in Northern Chile totalled $ 4 billion between 1991 andn 2004, and Petrobras planned investings in asea oil Fieldss in the Gulf of Mexico are expected to amount to $ 15 billion ) UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131 . This degree of investing from TNCs can take to a direct injection of money into a national economic schema ( which can besides be felt at local and regional degrees ) , and can hold a important and sometimes permanent consequence on the oerall macroeconomic public presentation of a host state, every bit good as the more direct microeconomic benefits. TNC s can assist make value in the host economic musical arrangement straight through assorted equity o r non-equity signifiers of engagement.One of the greatest direct economic impacts that a TNC can do to an underdevelopment nature, is to better the technological capablenesss of the host state. TNC engagement in oil and gas geographic expedition and development can assist to reassign engineering and heighten technological capablenesss. Underdeveloped states are technologically limited, and oil and gas geographic expedition is underage on external entrepreneurial enterprises Ariweriokuma 2008, pp 1 . Many market progressives believe that investing in these industries from foreign TNCs is more likely to see the transportation of cleaner extraction and geographic expedition engineerings. They argue that even in the oil and gas industries TNCs are more likely than domestic houses to utilize more sustainable engineerings as they provide a competitory advantage in production being by and large more efficient and bring forthing a higher choice end merchandise Clapp and Dauvergne 2008, pp 164 . The development of oil and gas industries can besides assist to excite employment in destitute parts. The job is that the part of the oil and gas industry to entire national employment is by and large genuinely little. In Saudi Arabia, for illustration, less than 1.5 % of the on the job population are employed in the oil and gas industries, despite the fact that they account for 90 % of the state s GDP UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 133 .Indirect Economic ImpactsInvesting by TNCs in oil and gas development in can assist to excite economic growing via indirect spill all overs such as substructure betterments, and the development of associated service industries. In the oil and gas industry, oilfield work now account for the majority of the entire cost of oil production. The size of oilfield services in Africa entirely has been estimated at about $ 30 billion a twelvemonth. This suggests a high potency for heightening the engagement of local contractors in the supp ly concatenation, and developing a web of concern and industrial growing, stimulated by the oil and gas industry UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 141 . In the oil and gas industry, TNCs begin helped states such as Angola, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kazakhstand increased production and exports over the long term.Oil and Gas Industry Supervision and RegulationIndustrial DevelopmentThe addition in services that energy provides is necessary for economic growing, alter life criterions, and to supply for increased human populations Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment 1991, pp 3 .Training and eductionEnvironmental ImpactOil and gas production carries with it the possible for lay waste toing purlieual impacts, and the nature of this pollution and debasement can take many signifiers. Oil spills, damaged land, accident and chivvy and incidents of air and H2O pollution have all been recorded at assorted times and topographic points UNEP Tec hnical Publication 1997, pp 3 . Offshore oil spills have grand potency for environmental impact, as shown by the Gulf Oil Spill in 2010, which was dispatching 5000 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours over a month after the initial fire, and devastated local wildlife and ecosystems. Equally good as these one-off environmental catastrophes, there is besides a duty, peculiarly for developing states, to turn to the additive effects of oil and gas development. Though a spillage from an single oiler may be considered little, and possibly inconsequential, a figure of spills accumulate to pose a menace to the environment Ariweriokuma 2008, pp 259 . On land, run off from grapevines and Wellss can foul groundwater and surface H2O, there are associated hazards of exposure, and the pollutants can pollute local ground and lay waste to local harvest supplies. There is a considerable sum of research demoing that the effects of oil on marine life from shoreward geographic expedition and bor ing, or on leaks from damaged conveyance vass, can be lay waste toing, particularly in the short term. The oil itself can surface and pollute marine life, its toxic constituents can bioaccumulate up the nutrient concatenation, impacting animate beings, workss and even worlds via the ingestion of filter-feeders. Cleanup attempts can besides damage the environment when certain types of chemicals are used, or environing reefs and the ocean floor are disturbed Vaughn 2007, pp 82 .In the Niger Delta there has been widespread environmental desolation as a consequence of oil geographic expedition and development in the part. This debasement has been caused by gas flaring, above-ground pipe escape, oil waste dumping, and oil spills. Prior to whitethorn 2000, about 75 % of the gas produced yearly was flared, doing considerable and permanent ecological harm to the environing land, groundwater, surface H2O, flora and wildlife Manwaring, pp 66 . The desolation has been so utmost that the b ody politic is now undergoing a monolithic UN orientated extenuation and monitoring programme in an effort to clean up the part.Despite the above illustrations, it should be state that some oil and gas exporting states in the underdeveloped universe, such as Malaysia and Oman have non encountered the same negatives.Any positives ..That being said the overall material body for developing states is however instead black. That so much of the cost is frequently borne by local communities, including autochthonal people, and so much of the gross goes to the national authoritiess is a major beginning of dissatisfaction. While this is true for most natural resources, oil and to a lesser extent gas have, in add-on, inauspicious planetary environmental effects as a carbon-based fuel that gives off important emanations of nursery gases, with the most of import of these being C dioxide. Vaughn 2007Page 267 Political Consequences for the states societyLocalregionalNationalWhere local fiscal resources and capablenesss for set abouting the investing are missing, TNC production represents a direct add-on to end product and income for the host economic system the significance of this depends on the size and nature of TNCs local value-creating activities and their placement along the value concatenation UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 130 . The job is that foreign engagement implies that portion of the entire income generated will be capture by the TNCs involved and, in some instances, their comparatively strong bargaining power enables them to have a important portion of this income via contractural dialogues UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131 .InternationalStrategic OptionsIn order to efficaciously and responsibly specify the available strategical options for the host state is obvious that we need to guarantee that there is an first-class degree of understanding about the environment in which the company will be runing over societal, environmental and econ omic Fieldss. Therefore, any section in charge of this scheme must guarantee that they invariably monitor and analyse the markets for rough monetary value behavior, the relationship between participants, and the political and environmental hazards Babusiaux 2007, pp 219 .This inquiry that arises, so, is what authoritiess and companies can make to mend or avoid these negative effects and promote the more positive facets of oil and gas production. Ideally, the excess grosss from hydrocarbons could better life criterions for the broader population, while still guaranting that the involvements of groups most instantly affected by the industry are met. Schiffrin and Bisat 2004, pp 266 .TNC engagement can increase fiscal resources for investing, better direction, transportation engineering and heighten technological capablenesss, generate employment and accomplishments, and increase production and income in the host economic system.Accelerate modernization and heighten the fight of dom estic industries.It is of import to see the long-run fiscal security of the host state, and that state should guarantee that it is non economically dependent on oil and gas geographic expedition. Though gross may be big, oil and gas TNCs trade with planetary markets on improbably huge graduated tables ( such as the EU, Japan and the United States ) . The fiscal deductions of the underdeveloped universe being excessively reliant on a individual resource and industry, can take to TNC s merely drenching the economic system. Oil monetary values on the planetary markets are extremely unstable, and the complete want on oil grosss can drives a roar and broke rhythm in the domestic economic system, summateing to increasing degrees of external debt every bit good as rises in poorness rates pp 172.DecisionsPage 82There are two primary jobs that have led to struggles worldwide the environmental impact of geographic expedition, boring, and transporting oil and gas, and the effects of foreign authoritiess and companies on a state s political, economic, and societal construction what research workers call the human prop of environmental policy, particularly in developing states dependent upon crude oil and gas merchandise for economic endurance Vaughn 2007, pp 81 .In add-on, TNCs may lend to higher degrees of efficiency, productiveness and invention in the industries concerned UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 121 .There are two chief grounds for the universe s continued trust on oil and gas. First, there are presently no options to these fuels in transit. Although a figure of the universe s major energy companies are forcing to progress research on hydrogen-driven fuel cells, this is improbable to hold a important impact on crude oil demand over the following 30 old ages. Second, natural gas is likely to go on its rapid acclivity as the universe s favorite fuel because of its advantages in generated electricity Schriffin and Bisat 2004, pp 267 .It is hard to do generalisations about the economic impacts. They depend on the features of the TNCs involved UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131

Black Virgin Mountain

Black Virgin Mountain A Return to Vietnam by Larry Heinemann is called indicative of the emotional black hole those who assume been in war often carry within them. It is seen throughout the whole book that the author hates war and doesnt romanticize his services when being a young exchangeier who has been sent to Vietnam in 1967-1968. Authors intentions are noble as he wants to shed light on the realities of the war, though very(prenominal) often he writes a piece of traveling providing historical backgrounds to cultural places which bear no relation to the narrative.It is necessary to underline that the book illustrates emotional maiming glide path from the war. (Heinemann 2005) The author starts with describing noise and energy of the combat and it is the strongest position of Heinemann, because he manages to reflect the power of weapons being hold in the arms and the violence created by the war. Heinemann attacks the lies sold to those people who returned home. Nevertheless, t he author loses his balance when remembering his being an agent of death.Author writing here is too flabby and filled with cliches. Furthermore Heinemann provides long unnecessary descriptions of the run into to Hanoi, because the author thinks it lacks historical background. (Heinemann 2005) Actually Heinemann demonstrates in his book great courage in facing death and describes the horrifying realities of war. It is seen that the author uncovers his own dislocation and pains. However, he does realize the position of violence, because war takes a heavy tool in lives of thousand soldiers.The main hero (the author) suffered not only from trauma, but also because of his two brothers, because one of them has committed suicide, whereas other has been missing for many years. The author ends the book on the scared mountain called Black Virgin Mountain. The author is able to slew from its heights the place of the battles and he tries to find the answer to the horrors created by war. (Hei nemann 2005) Works Cited Heinemann, Larry. Black Virgin Mountain A Return to Vietnam. New York Doubleday, 2005.

Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson

Earvin magic Johnson is not only amongst the all-time greatest basketball players, but he is likewise a well-respected philanthropist. This essay discusses his early flight, major career achievements, creation diagnosed with AIDS, and philanthropic work. caper Johnsons glorious basketball career began as a student at the Michigan State University. He lead the team to a National Championship title in 1979. Johnsons skill qualified him to play at the National Basketball Association (NBA). date playing with the Lakers, the team won five NBA championships and participated in nine NBA finals. He was honored by being named the NBA Most Valuable Player three times. Johnson also played on the U. S. A.Olympic team that won the gold medal in the year 1992. In 2002, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. He was particularly known for his excellent passing skills. Johnsons match winning performance in the 1980 NBA finals is an integral part of basketball history. He received se veral honors including being selected as a member of the All-Time team for NBAs 50th anniversary in 1997 (NBA Encyclopedia).On October 25, 1991, his doctors told Johnson that he had the HIV virus. Says Johnson, That was the hardest day of my life. After I got myself off the ground, I decided to have a positive attitude (NBA Legend). Two weeks later, on November 7, 1991, Johnson announced to the world at a press concourse organized by the Lakers about his affliction.At the conference, he said that he would not give up to the disease easily and would battle it. He announced that he would become a spokesman about HIV. As the doctors had advised him not to play basketball any longer, Johnson announced his retirement from basketball. Johnson decided that he would occasion his fame and his status as an icon for millions of people to educate the youth about HIV. One month after his diagnosis, he started the Magic Johnson Foundation.According to a question conducted by Pollock (426), the revelation of Magic Johnson had changed the attitude of people about AIDS and influenced them to alter their behavior in order to avoid the virus. The foundation has brocaded millions of dollars to build four modern clinics for people afflicted with AIDS. Free HIV/AIDS testing has been provided to approximately 38,000 people across America through the I Stand with Magic program. The foundation has helped nearly 280,000 people understand the risk factors of contacting HIV.The foundation also provides educational and medical help to children and young adults. The foundation has heart-to-heart 20 Community Empowerment Centers in underserved communities (Magic Johnson Foundations). When Hurricane Katrina occurred, the foundation partnered with various grocery and drugstores, provided prescriptions and groceries to victims. The renowned basketball player also stated that he would find slipway to generate jobs to those who have been displaced by Katrina (Tucker 1).Magic Johnson receive d the USA Todays National Hero Award for his contribution to the society through the Magic Johnson Foundation. Magic Johnson is also an active businessman. He runs a company called Magic Johnson Enterprises (MJE). MJE has several businesses in its portfolio, which include Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund, SodexhoMagic, Aetna, and BestBuy, 30 Burger King restaurants, Magic Johnson Theaters, and a dozen sports centers. The company aims to provide products and services to ethnically diverse communities and minorities (Earvin Magic Johnson Biography).Even after 17 years of being diagnosed with HIV, he has not highly-developed AIDS. Magic Johnson can be called a self-made success story and a great sportsman and social worker who has selflessly used his iconic status to help countless people lead a better life.Work CitedAbout the Foundation. Magic Johnson Foundation. 10 may 2008 http//mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/foundation/aboutthefoundation/accomplishments/.Earvin Magic Johnson Bi ography. Magic Johnson Foundation. 12 May 2008 http//mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/enterprises/ourteam/leadership/earvin/NBA Encyclopedia. NBA Media Ventures. 9 May 2008 http//www.nba.com/history/players/johnsonm_bio.html.NBA legend Magic Johnson delights CU crowd. (February 1998). Cornell Chronicle. 12 May 2008 http//www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/98/2.19.98/Magic.htmlPollock III, Philip H. Issues, values, and captious moments Did Magic Johnson transform public opinion on AIDS? American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994) 426.Tucker, Laura. Business Hero Magic Johnson. 5 May 2008http//www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=Magic_05.

Ruther Gruber – American Jews

Ruther Gruber is a Judaic writer, journalist and photographer originally from US, who is know for her work in rehabilitant some(prenominal) Jews who were persecuted in europium. She belonged to a Russian Jewish family. She was born in Philadelphia in September 30, 1911, lived year life as a child in Pennsylvania, and later moved to Europe for studies. She is known for rescuing several Jews from oppression under the Nazi Germany of Hitler (Servin, 2001). Ruther Gruber had completed her Ph. D.studies in Cologne when she was wholly 20 years old, and at that time the youngest person in the realism to earn a Ph. D degree. She had completed her Ph. D studies in Art History, Modern face Literature and German Philosophy. Gruber was shocked at the threats dictatorship under Hitler proved against the Jews. She was also concerned about Hitlers feeling about other countries of the world such as US, Europe, etc. Once she completed her studies she returned to the US in the year 1931.She joi ned a career as a journalist in the year 1932 and joined the New York Herald Tribune in the year 1935. She initially wrote a series of books about women facing communism and dictatorship. Ruth Gruber traveled to several countries including Siberia, Eastern Europe and the Northern parts of Soviet Union, which was first for any American journalist. Following this she was given an assignment by the Presidents Roosevelt sectarist (Harold Ickes) for determining the whether Alaska could be militarized after the World War 2 (Jewish Virtual Library, 2009).In the year 1944, Ruther Gruber was given the most important assignment of her life to feed a secret special mission in rescuing 1000 Jewish people from Nazi Germany who were imprisoned in concentration camps in Italy and bringing them cover song alive to America. Ruther Gruber worked as a General for this particular project. During her travel in the American ship from America to Europe, it was continuously attacked by German fighter pl anes and submarines.Ruther Gruber managed to action the 1000 Jewish refugees from the concentration camps in Germany, but there was no law in the US that permitted the refugees to be free or to have residence in the US. The refugees were stationed in a decommissioned training camp in New York for 2 years, after which President Roosevelt decided to give them permanent residency in the US (due to strong recommendations from Gruber). These Jewish refugees later became radiologists in the US, developing new radiological techniques such as CT-scans and MRI-scans.In 1946, once her role in the rehabilitation of the Jewish refugees was enabled, Gruber returned to her former profession with the New York Post. She was asked to cover the formation of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine (Gruber, 2003). Gruber played a role in ensuring the settlement of more than 100, 000 European Jewish refugees in the newly created state of Palestine in 1947. Gruber often accompanied the U N Special Committee on Palestine to missions to Europe and oculus East, representing the New York Herald.She had captured the incidents of the attack by British destroyers on the American Pleasure Boat Exodus carrying Jewish refugees and orphans. Gruber strongly criticized the event and created a lot of ken of the Nazi-like attacks of Britain on Jewish refugees. She was terrible troubled by the pain and suffering that Britain had given to Jewish people (Jewish Virtual Library, 2009). Gruber got married in the year 1951 and was more into writing for magazines and newspapers. She often travels to Israel and spends time in her farmhouse in Italy (Gruber, 2003).Gruber is definitely a role model for the responsibilities she played whilst saving the 1000 Jewish refugees in Italy from the Nazi rule, ensuring that the 1000 refugees were effectively rehabilitated and also allowing the 100, 000 Jewish refugees to be resettled in the state of Israel. She was highly intelligent and motivated is clearly being suggested by her fulfilling her PhD when she was only 20 years. She was strongly against fascism and communism that created problems for women. Her photographs and writings strongly spoke her mind and what she wanted to fulfill in life.She was against abuse of Jewish people in Europe and strongly felt that providing them with a separate state would create a new home. Gruber is one of the few persons in the world who worked for a strong cause and was motivated in her work. References Gruber, R. (2003). Inside of Time My Journey from Alaska to Israel, New York Carroll & Graf. Jewish Virtual Library (2009). Ruth Gruber, Retrieved on June 6, 2009, from Web site http//www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/biography/gruber. hypertext markup language Servin, M. (2001). Ruth Ellen Gruber, Retrieved on June 6, 2009, from Web site http//www. giotto. org/jesse/gruber. html

Does Advertising Affect Effect Our Food Choices

With 11 herbs and spices, its finger licking good. Good evening ladies and gentlemen. There is no love sincerer than the love for food. Said Sir George Bernard Shaw. Advertisers profane our love of food with big, flashy, bright adverts. For years, advertising has influenced us. We see them every(prenominal)where, on TV, the newspaper, billboards and on the web. Many scientific studies have shown that advertising influences the food we choose.Did you know that the average Ameri croupe child watches 20 000 food adverts a year, 9 out of ten are for fatty high sugar containing foods. The obesity epidemic is related to the skip over in advertising. We are digging our graves with our very own forks and knives. Billions of dollars are spent each year on advertising, so that business can live on their food onto your plate. This is very profitable. McDonalds spends about 2 billion dollars each year, advertising. Therefore, they control 64% of the United States hamburger market. % of the worlds population eats McDonalds every day. Mmm and they are loving it. Like most parents youre sitting there, feeling completely helpless, knowing how much your precious darlings love the advertised fast foods. You rationalize that this is fresh food, prepared under 5 minutes and miraculously served at room temperature, how convenient is that? You silently wish that you did not know that it is made up of ingredients with more preservatives than an Egyptian mummy.This is the moment of truth. Researchers have shown that if nutritious foods are advertised, people are more likely to choose healthy foods. You have the power to claim responsible advertising. Like Barack Obama once said It is time to change the way we do business. This will demand new thinking, and a new sense of responsibility. You can protect our future generations. So if music be the food of love , play on

Mistakes Managers Often Make

While on the job(p) in a book bindery as a summer job, I came across a manager who broke one of the 101 Biggest Mistakes Managers Make. The encounter broken was showing favoritism not based on performance.This bindery, worked in a factory uniform setting, and hired most people for minimum wage. The salary offered attracted a range of people from students, to housewives, and foreign speak Americans. I accepted the position for minimum wage, and was happy to be busy for the summer months. What I was not happy with was the favoritism that ran rampant throughout the bindery.My manager began showing signs of favoritism in really minuscule ways, but as the summer wore on, the signs of favoritism began growing and growing. It seemed that this originateicular bindery hired relatives, friends and anyone who knew anyone. Obviously, this can be an plus as well as a negative. In my case, it was a definite negative. My manager had several relatives and friends working in that respect tha t were her obvious favorites. Since I was not related and had known her previously, I began to notice a chassis of more difficult jobs going to me, and the easier jobs going to those that she knew or liked better than me.When I brought this to her attention I was told that there was no favoritism going on and was making something out of postal code. As this pattern continued, early(a) workers began to take notice and become irritated. They were reluctant to confront her due to the fact that they knew I had, and not scarce received no satisfaction, it seemed that I was no even more unpopular.The jobs that came my way now were ugly. The books were extremely intelligent to pack, messy to inspect and often scattered throughout the bindery so I had to go find them. I noticed my workload and noticed the workload of the favorite ones was much(prenominal), much different. Theirs consisted of paperback books, that needed little to no inspecting and were light to pack and always on the s ame cart in the same place.I finally was able to convince a few people to come forward so that the loose could be resolved. Unfortunately they did not receive satisfaction either. In fact, they were labeled troublemakers and their workload drastically changed for the worse very quickly.At this point, I felt someoneally responsible for their unhappiness and difficulty at work so I decided to take the next step. As masterly as I could be, I communicate to Human Resources about the situation. I was as authoritatived that it would be addressed with the person immediately and I would not find any further unfairness. I was sure that this was the end. Work would return to normal and the workload would be evenly distributed again soon.What I did not expect was further unfairness. This manager now truly dislike me and her actions were completely obvious. Now my jobs were piling up and all nightmare jobs. My coworkers that had come forward now seemed to be getting a break. All their bad jobs were coming my way instead. I knew that this had gone from a professional disagreement to a personal one. I didnt know what to do. I wanted to stand up for myself but feared future retaliation.This was just supposed to be an easy summer job. I wasnt sure if it was worth all the headaches. Still, I knew what I had to do. I made an appointment with the Vice President to talk about the matter. He boasted of an open door policy and this time I was positive that it would be handled once and for all. My coworkers were nauseous for me and still upset about what had transpired between them and her. They were not interested in coming forward with me, and I didnt blame them. This was supposed to fun.Nevertheless to support me, they began taking frequent breaks, working slower, coming in late and caring less and less about the condition of the books that were being sent out. I ware to admit, although not intentional, my attitude had gotten worse which directly resulted in less care w ith the books. Work in this part of the bindery was grinding to a slow halt. Our division was getting further and further behind but nothing was done. We were just instructed to work harder and faster.My meeting with the Vice President went well and the days after that went along much smoother. Unfortunately by the time this meeting took place, the summer was almost over and we were still weeks behind in production.I left that summer wondering how this had happened at all. It was a simple issue I had thought. I had expected maturity and professionalism. I didnt know that people like this, with this type of mentality existed in upper management. I learned that this type of person exists on all levels and what was a simple issue that could have been resolved in five minutes, dragged on for almost three months and resulted in hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars being lost or wasted.During my meeting with the Vice President I explained how simple this issue really was and the moreov er reason it had gotten to him was because it had not been handled in the first place. I let him know that employees need a person they can go to when issues arise.I suggested a non-bias person that could listen and act appropriately. Having to go through the concatenation of command is a good way to start but when the problem isnt resolved there has to be someone available, without the busy schedule of the Vice President. The whole situation was an eye opener and taught me not only how to stand up for myself professionally but how to make suggestions that may help a high society avoid these mistakes in the future.

Politeness and Culture Essay

1.1 What is ingenuity?Politeness is a kind of socio- cultural phenomenon in human communion. It has been defined in diverse focuss.For Kochman (1984), civilizedness has a protective mission exercised in move things in such a way as to take account of the feelings of separatesPolite conversation is a way of showing consideration for early(a) hoi polloisfeelings, that is, non saying or doing anything that susceptibility unduly excite or arouse. The gentlemans agreement (though, hardly just confined to with child(p) males) is and was you dont do or say anything that might arouse my feelings, and I wont do or say anything that might arouse yours (1984204)Watts (1992) defines polite behaviour as socio-culturally determined appearance directed to state of wards the stopping point of establishing and/or maintaining in a state of equilibrium the personal kins between the individuals of a hearty group, whether open or closed, during the ongoing shape of moveion (199250)The refore, the term politeness may be generally defined as adequate social conduct and tactful consideration of others aiming to avoid reciprocal conflicts.Politeness mess be realized in a number of ways, among which the use of language concerns us most in the present discussion. Politeness is hence taken to be the various forms of language expression and usage which allow the members of a socio-cultural group to achieve their conflict-avoiding intentions.If politeness is seen as the adequacy of linguistic behavior, then all speakers of different languages are equally polite, since they all fetch linguistic means at their disposal, which tally to their conventionalitys of application are adequate in different situations. The idea of politeness, therefore, is ecumenicly valid.1.2 Motives of Being Polite wherefore do tidy sum apologize when they have d whiz something wrong? Why do they compliment on their friends hairstyle? In unrivalled word, why do stack behave appropriat ely, hence courteously? The explanation of such diverse communicative behaviors lies in the consideration of confront. submit is thus viewed as a positive universal ego-image that is maintaining in participation. That is, in newly formed contacts the individual engages in establishing a public image for him egotism. In continued contacts he engages in sustaining and improving the impertinence he has encourage the others to develop for him.A fundamental preoccupation of people around the world is maintaining or protecting looking. Threats to casing, whether intended, accidental, or just now imagined, are the basis of most interpersonal conflicts. They arise when people feel that their right to a positive self-importance-image being ignored. One conventional way of avioding threats to confront in all acculturations is to be lingually polite.To secure this public self-image, people engage in what Goffman calls vitrine work, performing action to break whatever they are doin g consistent with font(196712), plot trying to save their own face as well as the others. Goffman (1967) specifies deuce kinds of face-work the avoidance process (avoiding potentially face-threatening) acts and the corrective process (performing a variety of redressive acts). However, he says little about how face can be maintained linguistically while damage is occuring.As implied above, face wants are reciprocal, i.e. if one wants his face cared for, he should care for other peoples face. The reason is that, while the individual is absorbed in developing and maintaining his face, the others also have comparable considerations for themselves. It is clear that one way of ensuring the maintenance of their own face is to keep everybodys face undamaged. Normally, the participants during interaction work on the understanding that one will respect the others face as long as the other respects his. This point is best expressed by the concise rule in Scripture Do unto all men as you wou ld they should do unto you.Since face wants are reciprocal, politeness naturally concerns a relationship between two rational participants or middlemans, whom we may call self and other. In a conversation, self may be identified with speaker or addresser, and other with tender or addressee. Also it is possible thatspeakers show politeness to a third party that is related to interlocutors face.2.0 Language and Culture2.1 Defining CultureCulture is a large and evasive concept. Sapir (1921) holds that nicety may be defined as what a society does and thinks, and language is a particular way of thought. Language, in this way, is part of conclusion. Culture is also interpreted in the sense of Goodenoughs definitionAs I see it, a societys gloss consists of whatever it is one had to whop or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members Culture, being what people have to learn as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end-product of learning fr iendship, in a most geneal sense of the term (Goodenough,1954167).Culture is thus whatever a person must love in order to function in a particular society, including language and conventional behavioral norms that a person must follow or that other people in the society expect you to follow, to bring down through the task of daily living.When we study a culture, it is non enough to merely learn the knowledge of a language and behavioral norms, as Steinmetz, Bush and Joseph-Goldfare (1994) point outStudying culture does not mean looking exclusively at customs, insititution, and arti facts, but also studying peoples values, beliefs, and attitudes and how they charm or are influenced by interaction among people. Culture should be studied as a process as well as a product (199412).As a combination of these views, culture consists of not only language, behavioural norms, which can be ob dole outd, but also values and beliefs underlying them. The famous fable of the culture iceberg (Hall & Hall,1990) indicates that many aspects of culture, such as certain beliefs, world views, and values, are below the clear of intendedness ( in the submerged part of the iceberg). Other aspects of culture, like language, eating habits, customs, are in the conscious area ( above the waterline). It is often the less conscious cultural aspects that influenced the way people communicate with for each one other.2.2 Language and CultureWe are now in a position to see language and culture in a dialectical relationship. Every language is part of a culture. As such, it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. This does not necessarily go against Saussures thesis that the signified of a language are arbitrary and hence derive their exact identity from systems of relationships. What needs to be added, however, is that this whimsey is not as absolute as he suggested, but is limited by the particular cultural setting from which a language extracts its signified. Within the broad li mits set by the specific needs of a culture, a language is free to make arbitrary selections of signifieds. This element of mischievousness is brone out by the fact that there is of a speech community and its linguistic re character references.Thus n both linguistic determinism nor cultural determinism can adequately explain why a language should select its unique system of signs, for these selections are do partly in response to cultural needs and partly owing to the inherent ( limited ) arbitrariness of the process.There is yet another sense in which language is not a passive reflector of culture. Even assuming that culture is in many cases the first cause in the language-culture relationship, language as the effect in the first link of the casual chain will in turn be the cause in the next link, reinforcing and preserving beliefs and customs and conditioning their future course.3.0 Politeness and Culture3.1 The Concept of Face In Chinese and positionThe central to B & Ls polit eness theory is the concept of face, and its two concimitant desires negative face and positive face, which are defined from the perspective of individuals wants. B & L maintain that notion of face constituted by these two basic desire is universal (198713). This section thus aims to examine whether their notion of face is applicable in Chinese culture. Since they acknowledge ancestry their formulation of face from Goffmans classic account of face and from the English folk notion of face (198761), these two sources will be dealt with first.3.1.1 The Source of B & Ls FaceThe first source is Goffmans account of face. Goffman characterizes face as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. He sees face not as a private or an internalized flow of events, supported by other peoples thinkers, and enclosed by impersonal agencies in the situation (19677). Seen in this light, face becomes a public image that is on loan to individuals from society, and that will be withdrawn from them if they prove unworthy of it (196710).B & L say that their other sources is the English folk concept of face, which is linked to notions like being embarrassed of humiliated, or losing face (198761). But in fact, such notions of face seem to be Chinese in origin. The word face is a literal translation of the two Chinese characters and ( Hu,1944Ho,1975).Presumably informed of these two sources, B & L characterize face as image that intrinsically belongs to the individual, to the self. This seems to part with their first source considerably. Here, the public feature of speech that is essential to Goffmans analysis of face seems to become an external modifier rather than an intrinsic percentage of this image.3.1.2 Chinese FaceAs pointed out above, two Chinese characters and are used to convey the explicit meaning of the word face ( that is, the front of the head) they also encode connotative mean ings, which have to do with reputable, respectable images that individuals can claim for themselves from communities in which they interact, or to which they belong (Ho,1957).More specifically, stands for prestige or reputation, which is either achieved through getting on in life (Hu, 194445), or ascribed by other members of ones own community. refers to the respect of the group for a man with a good good reputation it embodies the corporate trust of society in the integrity of egos moral character, and it is both a social sanction for enforcing moral standards and internalized sanction (Hu, 194445). Chinese speakers, therefore, will be seen as being polite if they know how to attend to each others and and to enact speech acts appropriate to and worthy of such an image.3.2 contrast Between Chinese Face and B & Ls FaceThe first difference is interested with their overall conceptualization of face-a difference that has been briefly alluded to above. B & L focus their notion of f ace primarily upon the individual-rather than the communal-aspect of face that is, the self is the principal constituent that contextualizes the concept of face. The self is public only to the extent that it depends on others face being manifested (B & L, 198761). The self depends on the public only to preserve its own interests. In short, the overall composition of this self-image, with its negative and positive aspects, only concerns the individuals wants and desires.In contrast, Chinese face encodes a reputable image that individuals can claim for themselves as they interact with others in a given community it is intimately linked to the views of the community and to the communitys judgment and perception of the individuals character and behaviour. Chinese face emphasizes not the accommodation of individual wants or desires but the musical harmony of individual conduct with the views and judgment of the community. Chinese face, to quote Goffman again, is on loanfrom society (196 710) it belongs to the individual or to the self only to the extentthat the individual acts in full compliance with that face.The fleck difference is related to the content of face. B & L conceive of face as consisting of negative face and positive face. Their negative face refers to, and values, an individuals need to be free of external impositions, a desire to be left alone to enjoy a sense of ones territorial integrity. Privacy is a particular term used to describe this typical value, which is much more than treasured in English culture than in Chinese whereas Chinese face emphasizes ones dependence on societys recognition of ones social standing and of ones reputableexistence, and subsequently, on societys endorsement of ones attending to it. relatively speaking, Chinese face does not comprise the element of what B & L term negative face.3.3 Cultural AssumptionIn this section, the differences of politeness in English and Chinese will be expatiate in terms of the different historicity that the concept of politeness can be traced back to, and of the fundamental cultural assumptions underlying the two different notions of English and Chinese face.3.3.1 A Historical suss outAs we have known, privacy is a value derived from B & Ls notion of face. It is a notion embracing at once the freedom, rights, and the independence of action of man. Such a value is closely associated with the independence of man from the yokes of the church on the European continent, and with the opening up of the New World on the other side of the Atlantic-North America. Consequently, showing respct to an individuals liberty, his rights, his independence in Anglo-American culture, will be considered polite lack of it will be improper, hence impolite.On the contrary, Chinese culture has had a 2000-year-long history of feudalism. Chinese civilization has been established on agriculture, and Generations of peasants were tied to the land on which they lives and worked. Except in times of war and famine, there was little mobility, either socially and geographically (Hu & Grove,19911). From this historicity resulted the collective (group-oriented) nature of Chinese value, which was rein burdend ideologically in the Confucian tradition, a tradition that advocates subordinating the individual to the group or the community, and maintains that the ultimate goal of human behavior is to achieve harmony, which leads the Chinese to pursue a conflict-free and group-oriented system of an ever-expanding circle of human-relatedness (Chen, 1993). Namely, an individual is presumed not to satisfy the desire for freedom, but to gain self-esteem in harmony with group. Just as English culture values privacy, Chinese culture values harmony.In modern Chinese, the equivalent of politeness is believed to have evolved in history from the notion of Li . The ancient philosopher and thinker Confucius (551479 B.C.), in order to restore the harmony of society when there were constant wars be tween feudal states, advocated restoring Li. Derived from this book are cardinal basic elements of politeness, or what count as polite behaviors respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal heating system, and refinement. Respectfulness is the selfs positive appreciation of admiration of the other concerning the latters face, largely identical with the need to maintain the hearers positive face. coyness can be seen as another way of saying self-denigration though modesty varies in the richness attached to it in different cultures, it is to a large extent universal, her to interpret it as self-denigration is uniquely Chinese. Attitudinal warmth is the selfs demonstration of kindness, consideration, and hospitality, the speaker runs the risk of infringing on the hearers personal freedom, namely privacy, thus threatening his negative face. Finally, refinement refers to the selfs behavior to the other which meets certain moral standards laid by society it represents the normative character o f politeness in addition to the instrumental aspect. These four essential elements of politeness are believed to manifest themselves in many Chinese speech events.3.3.2 Two Construals of the self Interdependent and IndependentIf we examine the deep structure from which the two different notions of English and Chinese face can possibly be derived, them they can be said to have been informed metarphorically by two divergent underlying forces (Mao,1994) the centripetal force, which leads Chinese face to gravitate toward social recognition and hierarchical interdependence, and the outward-moving force, which enables English face to spiral outward from individual desires or wants with the self as the initiating agent. The centripetal force and centrifugal force represent two different face orientations, which correspond to two distinct construals of the self an interdependent construal of the self and an independent construal of the self respectively(Markus and Kitayama, 1991).The inde pendent construal of the self, endorsed by English culture and most Hesperian countries, builds on a faith in the inherent separateness of distinct persons . The normative imperative of this culture is to become independent of others and to discover and express ones unique attributes (Miller, 1988).Thus achieving the cultural goal of independent requires construing oneself as an individual whose behavior is made meaningful primarily by reference to ones own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions, rather than by reference to those of others whereas the interdependent construal of the self, favoured by Chinese culture and most East Asian countries, insists on the fundamental connectedness of human beings to each other(Markus and Kitayama, 1991227). A normative imperative of this culture is to maintain this interdependence, therefore, entails seeing oneself as part of an encompassing social relationship and recongnizing that ones behavior is organized by what the self perceives to be the thoughts, feeling, and actions of others in the relationship, so that the self within such a construal becomes most meaningful and complete.BIBLIOGRAPHYBlum-Kulka, S. et al. 1984. Requests and apologies A cross-cultural study of speech acts actualisation patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics 5(3)192-212Brown, R. & S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness Some Universals in Language Usage. CambridgeCUP.Chen, Guoming. 1993. A Chinese perspective of communication competence. Paper presented at the annual convention of the speech communication association, Miami Beach, FL.Goffman, E. 1967. Interactional Ritual Essays on opposite Behavior. New York Doubleday Anchor Books.Goffman, E. 1972. Interactional Ritual. LondonPenguin.Goffman, E. 1971. Relations in Public Macrostudies of the Public Order.HarmondsworthPenguinGoodenough, W. H. 1957. Cultural anthropologh and linguistics. In Garvin, P.L.(ed.)Report of the 7th Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study. chapiter George town University PressHall, E. & M. Hall. 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences. Yarmouth, ME International Press.Ho, D.1975. On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology 81(4)867-84Hu, Wenzhong & C. L. Grove. 1991. Encountering the Chinese A Guide for Americans Yarmouth, ME International Press.Mao, L. R. 1994. Beyond politeness theory face revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics 21451-86Markus & Kitayama. 1991. Culture and self. Pshchological Review 98(2)224-53Miller, J.G. 1988. Bridging the context-structure dichotomy culture and the self. In M.H. Bond (ed.) The cross-cultural Challenge to Social Psychology. Beverly Hills, CA Sage. 266-81

Multinational enterprises and their CSR initiatives in Nigerian oil sector

AbstractNigeria is a rude which is endowed with considerable energy reserves. The oil and waste reserves found argon some of the largest in the entire world. Multinational companies progress to been involved in the exploration and transportation of crude oil and gas in the country. The Niger delta region is the primary(prenominal) area where the countrys rich energy reserves are found. The conduct of multinational enterprises in the region has been criticized because of allegations that corruption, bribery, surroundingsal mismanagement, environmental contamination, and human rights abuses are being perpetrated towards indigenous communities. As a consequence, multinational enterprises fuck off intermeshed in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in mold to ready a better reach while serving the needs of local communities.IntroductionNigeria is one of the leading producers of oil and gas in the world. It has oil reserves that are estimated to be around 35 billio n barrels while it has 5 trillion cubic meters of gas reserves (Amaeshi et al, 2006 p. 67). Nigeria is a country that has more than 250 ethnic groups with everywhere five hundred languages being spoken in the country. Despite its huge energy reserves, the country remains poor with over two thirds of the people living in abject poverty. A total of six multinational organizations are operating in the Nigerian oil and gas sector. These companies are the Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, Exxon-Mobil, Agip, Total, and Texaco. The Niger Delta region is the main area where the oil exploration and production is being carried out by foreign enterprises (Beauchamp, 2003 p. 92). These foreign enterprises have been criticized for failing to take adequate measures that can alleviate the poverty and suffering of indigenous communities. There have been accusations of corruption, mismanagement, environmental degradation, oil spills, contaminated water, and other problems in the region. As a consequenc e, there have been attempts by multinational enterprises to implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the region. However, the existing literature does not chin wagging upon the different CSR practices of MNCs in Nigeria with respect to the local stakeholders and communities. This study allow seek to investigate and assess the dexterity of the respectable practices by the multinational enterprises as they related to the empowerment and betterment of indigenous communities. query drumheadThe following research questions will be answered in this disquisitionWhat are the CSR strategies of multinational enterprises in Nigeria What are the practical implications of CSR as it relates to improving the standards of living for local communities Is CSR a genuine attempt to empower communities or is it a marketing strategy by multinationals Research Objectives To study the similarities and differences of the CSR initiatives implemented by multinational enterprises in Nigeria To determine the efficacy of CSR initiatives with respect to community empowerment and development To study whether multinational enterprises in the Nigerian oil sector are genuinely concerned about empowering communities or such initiatives are manifestly marketing tools to mendr the image of multinational enterprises Literature Review bodily social responsibility is a term used to denote the actions and policies implemented by business organizations that are in accordance with ethical and legal principles. The goal of organizations is to implement self-regulation and align it with the general business model.The goal is to ensure that organizations can desegregate ethics into their business model (Carroll, 2006 p. 76). A series of high profile business scandals in the agone decades has meant that governments are now seeking to regulate the business environment through legislation that promotes transparency and accountability. Additionally, the client segments are highl y conscious about the business activities of enterprises because the latter must be able to argue ethical behaviors in accordance with their actions. Alternatively, organizations are seeking to reduce the costs of complying with legislation by implementing CSR initiatives so that they can achieve efficiency and effectiveness. A number of theoretical approaches towards CSR have been developed in order to help organizations take responsibility for their actions while encouraging positive impact upon the environment, consumers, employees, and other key stakeholders. Corporate philanthropy is a CSR theoretical model which calls for providing monetary donations and aid to different communities. Such donations can stimulate in specific areas like social welfare, environment, housing, health, and others (Carroll, 2006 p. 71). The limitations of such a model are that it does not dispense the root causes of poverty and other problems in local communities. Another theory is that CSR shoul d be combined with the overall business strategy. This theory seeks to help local communities by recruiting locals and training them so that they can upgrade their skills.Enterprises create support for local industries through mutually beneficial relationships. Another theory focuses on creating shared harbor because it believes that social welfare is directly linked with business success. It recommends organizations to focus on sustainable development as well as a skilled workforce so that efficiency can be reach (Carroll, 2006 p. 79). There is still a gap in the existing literature as to whether CSR can very bring positive benefits to local communities and other key stakeholders. The Nigerian oil sector has been dominated by multinationals which have been accused of environmental degradation, corruption, human rights violations, and other abuses. As a consequence, they have sought to improve this by focusing on corporate social responsibility initiatives. Some studies argue tha t CSR is a knead which involves organizations taking responsibility for their actions and ensuring that they can create a positive impact through their activities on the environment (Blunt & Richard, 2006 p. 169). Other studies have disputed this as they argue that organizations operate on the principle of profit maximization.Research MethodologyQualitative research has been selected for this dissertation because it helps to investigate the reasons behind any particular phenomenon. This is suitable for this dissertation because the aim is to study corporate social responsibility and its efficacy in Nigeria. Quantitative research has not been selected because there is no need for statistics and figures in this dissertation. The data will be collected from primary and petty(a) sources. Primary data will be collected through a survey that will be sent to top managers of multinational companies working in the Nigerian energy sector. The secondary data will be collected through studies that focus on CSR and its efficacy.ReferencesAmaeshi, K, Adi, B, Ogbechie, C & Amao, O. (2006) Corporate societal Responsibility in Nigeria Western Mimicry or Indigenous Influences?. No. 39-2006, ICCSR Research Paper Series ISSN 1479 5124, The University of Nottingham.Beauchamp, T. (2003) Case studies in Business, Society and Ethics. 5th ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall.Blunt, P, Jones, M & Richard , D. (2006) Managing organizations in Africa. Walter de Gruyter, pp.169-171.Carroll, A. (2006) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons, July-August 1991.

Crim Justice

Multiple Choice Chose the most appropriate answer to the following questions 1. Which of the following had a unintelligible effect on individual rights by the 1980s? a. The well-mannered Rights movement. b. The Vietnam War. c. Terrorism. d. The increased use of drugs. 2. Which model below best assumes that the systems components work together harmoniously to achieve jurist. a. Due Process regulate b. Conflict Model c. Individual Rights Model d. Consensus Model 3. Which step in the pretrial activities does a legal officer de bournine if a crime has been pull? . bill of indictment b. culture c. prior comprehend d. Information 4. According to the author Race and Ethnicity are buzz words that people use when discussing a. Religion b. fourthly Amendment c. Multiculturalism d. Terrorism 5. Which of the following describes the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders? a. Incarceration b. Criminology c. Indictment d. multiculturalism 6. Which Amendment to the U. S. Constitution is concerned with the defendants right to a jury trial? a. Fourth b. fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth 7.A(n)________ is defined as iniquitous proceedings, the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant. a. Trial b. Indictment c. Arraignment d. Probable amaze 8. Which of the following refers to crime fleck strategies that have been scientific on the wholey tested and are based on neighborly science research? a. Crime keep back Model b. Evidence Based Practice c. Social Control Model d. Criminology 9. Which spirit level in the criminal referee process involves taking pictures and fingerprints of a suspect? a. Arraignment b.Indictment c. Preliminary Hearing d. Booking 10. The first step in the Criminal Justice process begins with the a. Arrest b. investigating c. Booking d. Warrant 11. The preliminary hearing is used to decide whether a. thither are reasonable ground to believe the defendant committed the crime. b. the crime that occurred is a felony. c. the defendant is fit to stand trial. d. the defendant is criminal beyond a reasonable doubt. 12. An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of pallidity and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong is known as . Equal rights b. Social Justice c. Multiculturalism d. Civil Justice 13. Who returns an indictment? a. the prosecutor b. the judge c. the arresting police officer d. the grand jury 14. Multiculturalism is ofttimes used in conjunction with what other term? a. traditionalist b. diversity c. homogeneous d. ethnocentric 15. A criminal justice perspective model that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders is known as a. Social Control Model b. Due Process Model c. Crime Control Model d. tutor Bill Model Chapter 1- True- inconclusiveCircle the most appropriate answer to the follo wing questions. 1. The Conflict Model assumes that the criminal justice systems components function primarily to operate their own interests a. True b. False 2. The Corrections stage begins once a defendant has been convicted, but before sentencing. a. True b. False 3. Due Process is a right guaranteed only found in the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. a. True b. False 4. The Crime-controlled model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. a. True . False 5. Gideon v. Wainwright is a landmark U. S. Supreme Court case ensuring the defendants right to a jury trial. a. True b. False Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank Fill in the dope with the word or phrase that best completes or answers the question. 1. Not guilty, guilty, and no contest are all acceptable pleas at the______________. 2. The _________ model of criminal justice assumes that the systems components function primarily serve their own intere sts. 3. The __________ model of criminal justice assumes that each of the component parts strive towards a third estate goal. 4. __________ based practice is crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research. 5. ___________ occurs when there is conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Chapter 1 Matching Match the term in the numbered column with the answer in the lettered column. 1. Preliminary Hearing a. A semi-formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury alleging that a specified soulfulness has committed a specified offense, usually a felony. 2. Indictment b. A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense. 3. Probable Cause c. A proceeding before a discriminative officer in which it must be sh own that a crime was committed, the crime occurred within the jurisdiction of the court, and there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant did the crime. 4. Information d. A set of facts and circumstances that would take a leak a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime. Chapter 1 Essay Provide detailed and door-to-door information to support your answer. Where applicable use examples to support your answers. 1. What is meant by due process of law? 2. Define multiculturalism, and highlight the importance of multiculturalism to the criminal justice process. 3. Compare and contrast the three main components of the criminal justice system. 4. Discuss the crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research. 5.Define and discuss the term Administration of Justice. Chapter 1 Critical Thinking Answer each part of the following questions with succinct and comprehensive information by citing examples of various models, laws, and justice theories in your answer. 1. Do you see a trend in our society in favor of individual rights or public interests? Cite recent examples to support your position. 2. What does justice mean to you? Discuss the three types of justice and their effect on individual rights to support your answer.